Term
page 362
Cape of Good Hope |
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Definition
Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India
Significance: -expeditions in Africa brought back slaves, spices, stories of unfound gold hoards
Analyze: -further exploration was needed to find a direct route to India; original destination reached in 1498 by Vasco da Gama |
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Term
page 363
Christopher Columbus |
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Definition
Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aaragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas
Significance: -discovered New World
-misnomered inhabitants as "Indians"
Analyze: -under service for king and queen of Castile and Aragon (Spain)
-believed he had discovered India |
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Term
page 363
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521) |
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Definition
Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines
Significance: -first to circumnavigate globe, therefore Spain was able to claim Philippines
Analyze: -passed southern tip of South America and sailed across Pacific to reach Indonesian islands |
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Term
page 366
Dutch East India Company |
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Definition
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
Significance: -companies could raise armies and coin money independently; acted as virtually private governments
Analyze: -given government monopolies of owned regions; not strongly supervised by own states |
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Term
page 366
British East India Company |
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Definition
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
Significance: -companies could raise armies and coin money independently; acted as virtually private governments
Analyze: -given government monopolies of owned regions; not strongly supervised by own states |
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Term
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Definition
Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571
Significance: -Spanish victory kept Ottomans and Muslims from attempting to conquer kingdom in the future
Analyze: -great fleet of Spanish navy proved superiority and threat to Ottoman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials
Significance: -major contributors to world economy by selling and distributing finished goods such as guns and cloth and trading them for raw materials like sugar and silver
Analyze: -firmer status of merchants and better banking systems
-concept of mercantilism (see card) |
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Term
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Definition
Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe
Significance: -limited imports and promoted exports to improve tax revenues
Analyze: -more trade meant higher income for nation's merchants
-imports were taxed, hence profitable balances |
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Term
page 371
Vasco de Balboa
(c. 1475-1519) |
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Definition
First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains
Significance: -initial settlement of Balboa led to future conquests of Aztec and Inca civilizations
Analyze: -development of overseas colonies allowed other captains to migrate to Andes, Colombia, and parts of Argentina |
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Term
page 371
Francisco Pizarro |
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Definition
Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish
Significance: -joined Balboa's Panamanian colony
-attacked divided Inca empire and killed emperor
Analyze: -received king's support and built army of approximately 180 men
-used violence and deceit; efficient but undiplomatic |
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Term
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Definition
French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system
Significance: -Catholic church helped create partial replica of French provincial society
-proved difficult to form adequate labor force
Analyze: -Britain attacked French strongholds; led to long period of strained relationship between two nations |
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Term
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Definition
Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and N. America
Significance: -Prussian seizures of Austrian land; English seizures of lands in N. America and India
-France lost colony under Treaty of Paris
Analyze: -British naval supremacy and Royal Army
-British supported Prussia; Austria abandoned by Russia after rise of Peter III |
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Term
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Definition
Arrange in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean
Significance: -France lost North American colonies but regained Caribbean sugar island
-Britain gained Canada and Mississippi Basin territory
Analyze: -Seven Years War had been very expensive for both nations and peace talks were preferred over continuation of battle
-France and Britain were relatively pleased with settlements |
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Term
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Definition
Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus
Significance: -originally meant to act as a station for Dutch sailors
-settlers and farmers (Boers) came into contact with natives (specifically Bantus)
Analyze: -expansion of settled people led to interaction with Bantus and eventual slavery, which spurred a battle for South Africa that would last until the late 20th century |
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Term
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Definition
Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal
Significance: -location was captured in 1756 by an Indian ruler
-many British died as a result of overcrowding in prisons ("black hole of Calcutta") but the center was reclaimed
Analyze: -Indian officials recognized maltreatment and released prisoners
-bribed regional princes and seized Indian and French territory |
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