Term
| Define cross contamination? |
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Definition
| passing of microorganism's to a patient |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms that live on our body that can not cause a infection |
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Term
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Definition
| a poison produced by certain bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a heat-stable toxin associated with outer parts of bacteria that are released when the cells are disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
| developed bacteria infection, when they take up residence and grow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| foreign invader that makes your body produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| are what your body produces to fight specific antigens. specific to natural antigens |
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Term
| what is the definition of bacteria and the 2 types? |
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Definition
they are single cell microorganisms, lacking nucleus and classified by o2,shape.
aerobic- needs o2
anaerobic- do not need o2 |
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Term
| what happens when they do a culture/. |
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Definition
| they grow the bacteria find out what pathogens present and looking for sensitivity to antibiotics |
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Term
| what are antibiotics best for? |
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Definition
| most effective on bacterial infections not viral or fungal |
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Term
| what is an important thing to remember about antibiotic? |
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Definition
| remember they need to be completly finished as rx'd do to bacteria can reproduce and change to something diff.type that might not be affected by that antibiotic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| list disease producing organisms and what they produce |
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Definition
Viruses- hepatitis, common cold, influenza
Chlamydia- STD
BACTERIA-Staph- skin infection, pneumonia Strept- pharyngitis (sore throat), pneumonia
Escherichia coli- UTI Pseudomonas- skin infection, UTI
Fungi- Candida- thrush, vaginitis
Protozoa- diarrhea, malaria
Helminths- enterobius vermicularis (pin worm) anal pruritus causing itching
Sterilization- process of destroying all microorganisms’
Virulence- how deadly are they |
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Term
| what is the infection chain |
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Definition
1) Causing agent-pathogen capable of causing disease
2) Reservoir- places in which microorganism’s are found exp. infective wound, waste
3) Portal of exit- organism leaves the body exp. bowel infection wound leave through bowel exit
4) Mode of transfer- direct personal contact with contaminated body fluid. Exp. touching
5) Portal of entry- pathogens can enter into the body ( mouth,skin,noise)
6) Susceptible Host- person who receives infecting organism have susceptible to infection
Exp. age (old immune shutting down &young-un-develop immune system) Malnutrition
And excessive stress or fatigue, low white blood count, altered defense mechanism
(Wound), alcoholism, chronic illness, indwelling tubes or equipment (IV),
Immunosuppressive treatment (chemo, HIV, transplant) |
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Term
| more in detailed about mode transfer |
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Definition
1) Direct personal contact
2) Indirect contact with contaminated objects call fomites
3) Vectors such as flee, ticks harbor infective agents transmit through bites
4) Droplet infection transfer through aerial route sneezing coughing
5) Spread of infection from one part of the body to the other
Ways to interrupted transfer
Hand washing best way
Teaching pt to cover mouth and noise when coughing and sneezing |
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Term
| steps to breaking the chain of infection |
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Definition
Reservoir- infected pt by preventing spread by washing hands, Don (putting on) gloves, Isolation technique.
Portal of exit-(blood, urine, feces) prevent by – hand washing, standard precautions, no recapping needles, disinfection, aseptic procedures
Mode of transfer- hand, food, supplies prevent by- hand washing, sterilization, disinfect
Proper disposal, surgical aseptic
Entrances- mouth, skin break prevent by- objects out of mouth, good hygiene, cover
Wounds, cleaning of skin
Host- always protect natural body defenses |
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Term
| FACTORS THAT INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INFECTION |
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Definition
Age- the elderly and very young infection grater due to declining and maturing immune system
Malnutrition- interferes with cell growth and replacement, which cause decreased immune sys.
Excessive stress or fatigue low WBC- interfere with body’d normal defense mechanisms, body
Damage, fewer WBC to fight infection
Alcoholism/ chronic illness- impairs normal defense mech. Illness tax the immune system
Indwelling tubes/ equipment- IV, catheters, feeding tubes ect. Create holes in the body with
Create a portal of entry
Immunosuppressive treatment/ chemo- depress the immune system, decrease # of leukocytes
Depress inflammatory response |
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Term
| INCREASED SUS. FOR THE ELDERLY |
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Definition
Respiratory function- increased cough mechanism, ability to expel, less ability to expand
The thorax after surgery
Skin- decreased elasticity, dryness, decreased vascular supply make skin suscep. To injury
Or breakdown and slower to repair.
GI System- decreased stomach acid so more microorganism’s get through
UTI- degeneration of nerves to bladder cause urine stasis in bladder as result incomplete
emptying |
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Term
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Definition
| Asepsis- making environment and objects free of microorganism |
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Term
| what are the difference's between medical and surgical aseptic |
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Definition
Medical aseptic-practice of reducing the # of organisms
Surgical Aseptic- sterilize get rid of all organism
always wash hands before and after taking care of a patient |
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Term
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Definition
15 second hand wash with no visual body fluid-start shift, between patients
30 second if visual body fluid present- before and after procedure, none glove contact
2 minutes blood or body fluid contact |
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Term
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Definition
Developed by CDC to facilitate breaking chain of infection. Treat everyone like they have
An infection disease. These are aimed at protecting both the nurse and the patient and
Are used for every patient contact. PPE (personal protective equipment) exp. gloves, gowns
Mask, protective eye wear, shoe coverings, hair covering. |
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Term
| Contaminated linens what do you do |
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Definition
| non sterile gloves, remove sterile sheet, expose of the in proper container, change gloves, then put on clean sheets. |
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Term
| what do you remember about gloves important |
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Definition
| **gloves are never 100% protective |
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Term
| define Disinfectant how is it done |
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Definition
Can be used to ride some types of organism. Before disinfectanting items must be thoughly
Rinsed after cleaning due to soap may react with disinfectant then it wont work |
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Term
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Definition
Is the best method of eliminating microorganisms from equipment and supplies. Moist heat to
Best method. An autoclave is used for this.to do in the home boil h2o for 16 minutes |
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Term
| 3 BODY DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION |
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Definition
1- skin
2-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
3-IMMUNE RESPONSE |
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Term
| describe all the immunity's response in detailes |
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Definition
When body comes in contact with a pathogen it will produce antibodies- Natural Acquired
Passive Acquired immunity- get from someone else my body does not produce these antibody.
Actually getting a dose of antibody’s
Natural acquires passive immunity- exp. unborn baby gets this before and during birthing mom’s
Blood mixes with child so now baby has her antibodies
Artificially acquired immunity- achieved during injections vaccines. Not getting antibody’s
Getting virus to produce your own antibodies
Artificially acquired passive immunity- injection with antibodies derived from the infected blood
Of people or animals. Will protect the person immediately for short time period. |
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Term
| describe the inflamation defense in detail |
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Definition
Local brought on by injury
1) Blood vessel in area dilate cause redness and warmth
2) Histamine and serotonin- blood vessel walls come more permeable sub. Will leak out
Water, protein, and phagocytes- get swelling, pain, fever and produce Fibrinogen
(Web that makes a scab or clot) |
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Term
| describe the skins defense on the body |
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Definition
. Skin is your first line of defense. Secretions from the mucus
Membranes living in GI track, and reproductive tracts contain abundance of enzyme lysozyme
Cilia- line the respiratory tract, that trap microorganism. And debris (dead tissue)
2nd defense Leurocytosis- body produces more white blood cells to fight infection
Phagocytosis- kills bacteria, inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| list the stages of infection |
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Definition
1)INCUBATION PERIOD- is the time from invasion of the body by organism to the onset of symptoms.
2)Prodromal period- is the short time from the onset of vague, nonspecific symptoms to the beginning of specific symptoms of infection. Organisms are most likely to be spread during the highly in factious stage
3)Illness period- localized and systemic sign and symptoms appear. The patient had fever, headache, and malaise
*The Severity of the symptoms and the duration of the illness depends on the virulence of the
Pathogen and the patient’s susceptibility to the causative microorganism.
4) Convalescent- recover time |
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Term
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Definition
| Infections that are transmitted to a person while receiving health care services. |
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Term
| - Patients who are at greater risk for nosocomial infection are those with the following |
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Definition
Surgical incision
Artificial airways
Urinary catheters
Intravenous lines (IV)
Implanted prosthetic devices
Repeated needle sticks for injections or specimens |
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Term
| Specific Ways to Prevent Nosocomial Infection |
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Definition
Perform proper hand washing before and after caring for patient and between procedures
Keep urinary catheter drainage bags below the level of the bladder at ALL times
Clean residual urine off the catheter bag drainage tube after emptying the bag. Tube not touch
*Assist all patients on bed rest to turn, deep breathe, and cough eff. Every 2 hours
Assess IV sites for signs of infection whenever you enter the room
Consciously use correct aseptic tech. for cleaning the skin before performing procedure.
Clean incontinent patients promptly
Always use aseptic technique when suctioning the airways |
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Term
| PRINCIPLES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE |
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Definition
1) sterile surface touching sterile surface remains sterile
2) sterile surface touching unsterile surface becomes contaminated
3) only sterile items are used within the sterile field
4) when there is a doubt about the sterility of any item it is to be considered unsterile |
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Term
| define Airborne Precautions what to do |
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Definition
for pt’s with known or suspected serious illness transmitted by airborne
Droplets exp. measles, chicken pox, TB
Put pt in a private room that has negative air pressure.
Wear a respiratory device (N95 respirator) when entering the room of pt w/ TB |
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Term
| define Droplet Precautions and what to do |
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Definition
- pt’s known or suspected serious illness transmitted by large-particle droplets exp. influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis
Place pt in private room or in room w/pt same infection |
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Term
| define Contact Precautions and what to do |
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Definition
- pt’s known or suspected serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct
Patient contact or by contact w/items in pt’s room exp. skin, wound infec., GI
Pt in private room
Wear gloves, gown |
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Term
| sterile field is wet you? |
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Definition
| *Consider the sterile field contaminated if it becomes wet during procedure |
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Term
| impermeable gowns worn when |
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Definition
| *impermeable gowns are worn when clothing may become soiled with body substances while providing patient care. |
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Term
| mask are worn when and why? |
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Definition
Masks are worn when contact with respiratory droplet secretions is anticipated and during suctioning.
when working within 3 ft of a patient under droplet precautions |
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Term
| what happens in a break of sterile procedures |
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Definition
| ** It is up to every nurse to point out breaks in sterile technique that occur when others seem unaware that they have contaminated themselves or the sterile field. |
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