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| programs of public and private institutions favoring minorities and women in hiring and in admissions to colleges and universities in an attempt to compensate for past discrimination |
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| the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, concerned with the protect of basic liberties |
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| guarantees of equal treatment by government officials regarding political rights, the judicial system, and public programs |
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| unequal treatment by private individuals, groups, and organizations |
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| unequal treatment based on government laws and regulations |
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| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
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| proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution stating that equality of rights shall not be abridged or denied on account of a person's gender |
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| the section of the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection of the laws to all citizens |
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| a device that allowed whites who had failed the literacy test to vote anyway by extending the franchise to anyone whose ancestors had voted prior to 1867 |
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| a legal test falling between ordinary and strict scrutiny relevant to issues of gender; under this test, the Supreme Court will allow gender classifications in laws if they are substantially related to an important government objective |
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| popular term for the system of legally sanctioned racial segregation that existed in the American South until the middle of the twentieth century |
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| a device used by the southern states to prevent African Americans from voting before the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned its use; usually involved in interpretation of a section of a state's constitution |
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| a tax to be paid as a condition of voting; used in the South to keep African Americans away from the polls |
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| Separate but Equal Doctrine |
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| the principle articulated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that laws prescribing separate public facilities and services for nonwhite Americans are permissible if the facilities and services are equal to those provided for whites |
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| the assumption by the Court that actions by elected bodies or officials violate constitutional rights |
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| the invidious, arbitrary, or irrational designation of a group for special treatment by government |
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| primary elections open only to whites |
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