Bryophytes: 

seeds?

Vascular?

where are they mostly found? 

>seedless

>nonvascular

>found in a wide range of habitats, knowns as initial colonizers and indicators of air pollution.  

Alternation of generations : 

Gametophyte is haploid/diploid? 

Does it produce a gamete? 

Same q's for sporophyte ..

>Gametophyte is the haploid generation and produces gamete 

>sporophyte is the diploid generation and produces spore. 

Bryophytes are similiar to vascular plants in regards to (elaborate):

1) gametangia

2)zygote and embryo

3)sporophyte

4)sporangia

5)sporopollenin

6)apical meristem

Both bryophytes and vascular plants have: 

1) presence of male and female gametangia (antheridia and archegonia)

2) retention of zygote and embryo within archegonium. 

3) multicellular diploid sporophyte 

4) mulitcellular sporangia 

5) spores with wall containing sporopollen

6) tissues produces by apical meristem. 

Differences between vascular and bryophytes in regards to :

1) tissue 

2) conducting tissue cells 

3) differences in life cycle

1) no vascular tissue in bryophytes, although some have specialized conducting tissues. 

2) conducting cells not lignified. 

3) bryophytes have dominant gametophyte, while vascular plants have dominant sporophyte 

bryophytes structure (3)

1)do they have leaves, stems or roots

2) have stomata? 

3) how are they attatched to substrate? 

1)No true leaves, stems or roots 

       >Thallus - undiff body (no roots, leaves, or stems)

2)Some have cuticle with structures analagous to stomata 

3)usually attatched to substrate by rhizoids

      >anchor plants

      >not used for water transport

      >often have fungal or      

cyanobacterial symbionts. 

1) How are cells connected? 

2) What do they resemble? 

3) how do they reproduce?

1) cells interconnected with plasmodesmata

2) resemble vascular plants, most have small disk shaped plastids

3) sexually, but many reproduce asexually as well via fragmentation and gemmae 

bryophyte sexual reproduction (males):

1) flagellated sperms include

2)what is the male reproductive structure. 

1) flagellated cells are sperm, require water to swim to egg

2) antheridium is the male structure. 

female reproduction structure:

1) what is it and what is shaped like? 

2) where does fertilization occur? 

3) whats up wit da zygote? 

1) archegonium is flask shaped 

    >surrounded by single egg

    > release chemicals to attract sperm

2) zygote undergoes mitosis to generate embryo and eventually mature sporophyte.  

1)Is there plasmodesmata between sporophyte and gametophyte? 

2)How are nutrients transported between the two? 

1) none, no plasmodesmata 

2) apoplastic transport of nutrients from gametophyte to developing sporophyte facililated by placenta instead. 

-term for all plants 

-produces many celled diploid sporophytes

1) Includes 6K species 

2) believed to be helpful in liver ailments

3) most gametophytes develop directly from spores

4) complex thalloid liverworts 

1) 100 species 

2) gametophyte

   >somewhat similiar to thallose liverworts

   >cells usually have one large chloroplast

   >usually 1-2 cm across

   >some unisexual

3) sporophytes

   >foot and capsule 

   >meristem between foot and sporangium

   >green with cuticle and stomata

1) 9500 species

2)three classes 

   >sphagnidae - peat mosses

   >andreaeidae- granite mosses

   >bryideae - true mosses

Sphagnidae (2)

water? 

how much is there? 

1) unusual properties 

  >able to hold water x20 dry weight

  >antiseptic properties

  >used for horticulture

2) ecology of shagnum

  >peatlands occupy >1% of land

  >role in global carbon cycle

Bryidae

1) what does it resemble 

2) what kind of rhizoids

3) how thick are the leaves

4) do they have hydroids and leptoids? 

Brydae - similiar sexual reproduction to other bryophytes, produce female and male gametangia.

>Some are unisexual, via fragmentations. Some are epiphytes.