Term
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Definition
-Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses -Contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles -Glycolysis -Protein synthesis from amino acids -Regulation of osmolality |
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Term
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Definition
Insufficient potassium (below 3.5 mEq/L) |
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Term
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Definition
Cell damage. Potassium leaks from the cells into the intravascular fluid and is excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
What happens to Ka+ after cell damage |
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Definition
Potassium leaks from the cells into the intravascular fluid and is excreted from the kidneys. When cells lose Ka, Ka shifts from the blood plasma into the cells to restore Ka balance. Hypokalemia usually results |
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Term
Normal serum potassium level |
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Definition
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Term
How much Kcl is needed to increase serum potassium level 1 mEq when levels are between 3.0 and 3.5 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
How much Kcl is needed to increase serum potassium level 1 mEq when levels are less than 3.0 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
What is potassium combined with when given orally or IV |
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Definition
An anion, such as chloride or bicarbonate |
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Term
When Ka+ is given orally, how much fluid should accompany it, if any? |
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Definition
1/2 glass at least - preferably one whole glass |
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Term
Can Ka+ be given Intravenously? |
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Definition
Yes. It must be diluted in IV solutions.
IT IS NEVER GIVEN AS AN IV PUSH OR BOLUS!! |
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Term
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Definition
N/V Polyuria Confusion Dysrhythmias Abdominal distention Soft, flabby muscles |
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Term
How is potassium excreted? (Percentages and how) |
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Definition
80-90% in urine 8% in feces |
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Term
T/F - Potassium maintains neuromuscular activity |
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Definition
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Term
What should be monitored when administering large doses of potassium? |
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Definition
EKG and serum potassium levels |
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Term
Hyperkalemia usually results from: |
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Definition
renal insufficiency or administration of large doses of potassium over time |
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Term
What may be prescribed to immediately decrease a temporary potassium excess in the serum potassium level? |
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Definition
Sodium bicarb Calcium gluconate Insulin and glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Nausea Abdominal cramps Oliguria Tachycardia followed by bradycardia Weakness Numbness/tingling in extremities |
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Term
Potassium-wasting diuretics excrete |
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Definition
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Term
Potassium-sparing diuretics excrete |
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Definition
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Term
What are some drugs that can cause hypokalemia |
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Definition
Laxatives Corticosteriods Antibiotics Potassium-wasting diuretics |
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Term
What drugs can cause hyperkalemia |
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Definition
Oral and IV potassium salts CNS agents Potassium sparing diuretics |
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Term
What is the major cation in the ECF |
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Definition
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Term
What is the normal serum or plasma sodium level |
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Definition
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Term
What is the major electrolyte that regulates body fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Promotes transmission and conduction of nerve impulses Part of the sodium/potassium pump that causes cellular activity |
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Term
What happens when sodium shifts into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens when sodium shifts out of the cell? |
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Definition
Potassium shifts back into the cell and repolarization occurs |
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Term
What does sodium combine readily with to promote acid-base balance? |
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Definition
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Term
What can cause sodium loss? |
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Definition
Vomiting diarrhea surgery potent diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
muscle weakness headaches lethargy confusion seizures abdominal cramps nausea and vomiting tachycardia hypotension pale skin dry mucous membranes |
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Term
What should be given for a serum sodium level between 125-135 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
What should be given for sodium levels lower than 115 mEq/L? |
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Definition
A hypertonic 3% saline solution |
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Term
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Definition
Flushed, dry skin agitation elevated body temp rough, dry tongue N/V anorexia tachycardia hypertension muscle twitching hyperreflexia |
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Term
Dietary requirement for sodium? |
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Definition
2-4 g/day... we all know sodium rich foods |
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Term
Normal serum calcium range |
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Definition
4.5-5.5 mEq/L or 9-11 mg/dL |
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Term
What percent of calcium is bound to protein (in the body)? |
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Definition
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Term
Calcium unbound to protein is |
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Definition
Free, ionized calcium. This can cause a physiologic response |
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Term
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Definition
2.2-2.5 mEq/L or 4.25-5.25 mg/dL |
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Term
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Definition
Promote normal nerve and muscle activity. Increase3s contraction of myocardium Converts prothrombin into thrombin Needed in formation of bone and teeth |
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Term
What is needed for absorption of calcium from the GI tract? |
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Definition
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Term
What can result from hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
Bone fractures due to loss from bones. |
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Term
What are common causes of hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
Hypoparathyroidism vitamin D deficiency multiple blood transfusions |
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Term
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Definition
Anxiety irritability tetany |
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Term
Calcium can be administered how? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
flabby muscles pain over bony areas kidney stones |
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Term
With what and why should calcium not be mixed? |
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Definition
Normal saline solution This is not done because sodium promotes calcium loss |
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Term
Magnesium is a (cation or anion) |
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Definition
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Term
When there is a loss of potassium, what electrolyte is also lost? |
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Definition
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Term
Normal serum magnesium level |
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Definition
1.5-2.5 mEq/L or 1.8-3 mg/dL |
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Term
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Definition
Promotes transmission of neuromuscular activity Mediator of neural transmission in the CNS Promotes contraction of my |
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Term
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Definition
Promotes transmission of neuromuscular activity Mediator of neural transmission in the CNS Promotes contraction of myocardium Activates many enzymes for metabolism of carbs and protein Responsible for transport of Na and Ka across cell membranes |
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Term
When there is a magnesium deficit, there is frequently what other types of deficits? |
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Definition
potassium or calcium deficit |
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Term
Hypotension and heart block may result from too much |
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Definition
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Term
Hypomagnesemia is frequently undiagnosed because it is asymptomatic until serum magnesium levels approach |
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Definition
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Term
Magnesium and calcium absorption is inhibited by |
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Definition
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Term
What can be given to correct digitalis (digoxin) toxicity? |
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Definition
Magnesium sulfate. This is common practice afer bypass surgery or MIs to help prevent ventricular arrhythmias |
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Term
Chloride is a(n) (cation or anion) |
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Definition
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Term
Normal serum chloride level |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium and chloride have an inverse relationship. T/F |
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Definition
False During sodium retention, chloride is also frequently retained |
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Term
CM of hypochloremia include |
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Definition
tremors twitching slow/shallow breathing |
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Term
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Definition
weakness lethargy deep/rapid breathing unconsciousness (late) |
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Term
Phosphorus is a major (anion/cation) |
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Definition
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Term
Normal serum phosphorus level |
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Definition
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Term
What percent of phosphorus is ionized (free) and what percent is protein-bound? |
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Definition
55% ionized 45% protein-bound |
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Term
Phosphorus is essential in |
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Definition
bone and teeth formation neuromuscular activity important in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
muscle weakness tremors paresthesia bone pain hyporeflexia seizures hyperventilation anorexia dysphagia |
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Term
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Definition
hyperreflexia tetany flaccid paralysis muscular weakness tachycardia nausea diarrhea abdominal cramps |
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Term
What percent of the body is made up of water? |
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Definition
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Term
What percent of the body's water is found in the ICF? |
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Definition
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Term
What percent of the body's water is found in the ECF? - what percent of that is found in interstitial fluids (tissue) - what percent of fluids found in ECF are intravascular? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of cations? |
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Definition
Transmit nerve impulses to muscles Contract skeletal and smooth muscle |
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Term
What is osmolarity? What is its unit of measure? |
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Definition
The osmotic pull exerted by all particles per unit of water. (concentration of body fluids) mOsm/kg |
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Term
What is normal serum osmolality? (a figure) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the definition of tonicity? |
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Definition
The effect of fluid on cellular volume |
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Term
What is the isotonicity range of IV fluid? (a figure) |
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Definition
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Term
What is crystalloid fluid used for? |
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Definition
replacement and maintenance fluid therapy |
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Term
What's an easy way of calculating serum osmolality? |
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Definition
Double the serum sodium (this is approximate) |
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Term
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Definition
They are volume expanders. |
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Term
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Definition
Lipid IVs are indicated when IV therapy lasts longer than 5 days. (TPN) |
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Term
How many mL/kg and mL/lb of water are needed per day for the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the normal levels of potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
In what general foods is potassium found? |
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Definition
Fruits Fruit juices Veggies |
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Term
What is the recommended daily potassium intake? |
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Definition
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