Term
| What were the popes from 1447-1534 concerned with? |
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Definition
| Living lavishly, collecting art, fighting wars, and other worldly matters. |
|
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Term
| What was wrong with the lower clergy? |
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Definition
| They couldnt read and some had semi-official wives. |
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Term
| What two groups of people worked for reforms in the Catholic Church? |
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Definition
| Religious leaders who gave FIERY speeches and Christian humanists |
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Term
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Definition
| An Italian friar who preached in Florence in 1490 and called for a reform of the church. |
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Term
| Who did Savonarola help to overthrow in 1494? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What did Savonarola order in 1497? |
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Definition
| He ordered that all citizens of Florence were to burn their personal "vanities" (hats, wigs, art, etc.) |
|
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Term
| What happened to Savonarola in 1498? |
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Definition
| He was overthrown and hung by the people of Florence who wanted a less extreme ruler. |
|
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Term
| What was a Christian humanist? |
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Definition
| Scholars from Northern Europe that tended to lean towards religious ideas. |
|
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Term
| Who were two of the most famous Christian humanists? |
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Definition
| Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More |
|
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Term
| Where were Erasmus and More born? |
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Definition
Erasmus=Holland
More=England |
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Term
| What did Erasmus write and whom did it make fun of? |
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Definition
| In Praise of Folly. It made fun of greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, pompous priests, quarrelsome scholars, and the clergy. However most of the book was directed towards the clergy. |
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Term
| What did Thomas More write and what did it describe? |
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Definition
| Utopia. It described a perfect society where war, crime, greed, and corruption were replaced by reason and mercy. |
|
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Term
| Who first invented the printing press? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where and when was movable type first invented? |
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Definition
| Mainz, Germany in 1440-1450. |
|
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Term
| Who was famous for printing the Bible in 1455? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Martin Luther and where was he born? |
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Definition
| Luther was the son of a copper miner and was born in Saxony, Germany. |
|
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Term
| What did Luther's father want him to be? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Luther decide to become a monk? |
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Definition
| He was almost killed by lightning and afterwards swore to St. Anne that he would become a monk. |
|
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Term
| What happened when Luther began to read the Bible? |
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Definition
| He learned that all you need to be saved is faith in God. |
|
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Term
| Who was Luther offended by in 1517 and why? |
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Definition
| Johann Tetzel. He sold letters that released the buyer from time in purgatory to raise money to build St. Peter's Cathedral, which gave people the impression that they could buy their way into heaven. |
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Term
| Luther, who only wanted to reform the church, not create a new religion, wrote what and put them where? |
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Definition
| 95 theses (formal statements) that he nailed to the door of the church in Wittenburg. |
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Term
| What were Luther's three main ideas for reform in the Church? |
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Definition
1. Salvation by faith alone
2. The Bible is the only authority for Christian life
3. The pope was not needed to interpret the Bible, so people had their own relationship with God. |
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Term
| Who threatened Luther with a bull (official statement)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Pope Leo X's bull state? |
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Definition
| That Luther would be excommunicated if he did not take back his ideas. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did Charles V make Luther stand trial? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened at the Diet (Assembly) of Worms? |
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Definition
| Luther refused to take back his words, so he was declared an outlaw and a heretic. The Edict of Worms was issued. |
|
|
Term
| When was Luther's trial at Worms? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| When was the Edict of Worms issued and what did it say? |
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Definition
| May 26, 1521. It said that no one in the Holy Roman Empire was allowed to give Luther food or shelter and that all his books were to be burned. |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Luther after the Edict of Worms? |
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Definition
| He lived comfortably in Germany for 25 years after his trial. |
|
|
Term
| Who first hid Luther after his trial? |
|
Definition
| Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony |
|
|
Term
| How was it possible for Luther to live safely in Germany after his trial? |
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Definition
| Charles V's kingdom was too large for him to rule effectively and the Germans resented having too send money to Rome, making Luther popular because of his constant attacks on the pope. |
|
|
Term
| What did Luther do when sheltered by Prince Frederick? |
|
Definition
| He translated the New Testament into German. |
|
|
Term
| Why didn't Charles V kill Luther? |
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Definition
| He had powerful friends and many followers, plus killing him would make him a martyr. |
|
|
Term
| What did Luther and his followers become known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German peasants went on revolts, demanding an end to their economic and political bondage. |
|
|
Term
| Why did the lower classes feel betrayed by Luther? |
|
Definition
| He sent a letter to the German princes telling them to show no mercy and crush the peasants' revolt. |
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Term
| Where did the term "Protestant" come from and what does it mean? |
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Definition
| It came from when German princes loyal to Luther signed a protest against princes loyal to the pope. Protestant means any Christian not a part of the Catholic Church. |
|
|
Term
| When did Martin Luther die? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Henry VIII and when was he born? |
|
Definition
| The King of England, son of Henry VII. He was born in 1509. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| He was a devout Catholic and depised Luther. He was first married to Catherin of Aragon. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherin? |
|
Definition
| She would not bear him a son. They had a daughter called Mary Tudor. |
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Term
| What did Henry VIII ask of the pope and who was the pope at that time? |
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Definition
| He asked Pope Clement VII to let him divorce his wife. |
|
|
Term
| Why did the pope turn down Henry's request? |
|
Definition
| Catherin of Aragon was Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor's, aunt. Charles V had just beaten and imprisoned the pope in the Vatican. The pope did not want to start another war with Charles, so he would not let Henry divorce. |
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Term
| What did Henry VIII do in 1529? |
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Definition
| He called Parliment and had them pass laws that got rid of the pope's power in England and allowed him to divorce his wife. This Parliment was called the Reformation Parliment. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| He was executed by Henry VIII for refusing to accept the king's new authority. |
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Term
| What is the Act of Supremacy? |
|
Definition
| A law passed in 1534 by the Reformation Parliment that stated that the king was the absolute power in England, making Henry VIII's break with the pope final. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Henry VIII's second wife and what was their child's name? |
|
Definition
| Anne Boleyn/Elizabeth Tudor |
|
|
Term
| What did Henry VIII do to the monasteries? |
|
Definition
| He closed all of them in England and took their wealth and lands and gave it to his nobles and the rising middle class. |
|
|
Term
| What were some characteristics of the Church of England? |
|
Definition
| It kept all Catholic rituals, except that priests could marry and all priests and bishops were subject to the king's approval. |
|
|
Term
| What eventually happened to Anne Boleyn? |
|
Definition
| She was imprisoned in the Tower of London and then beheaded. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Henry VIII's third wife and what was their child's name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what order did Henry's three children rule and what religion were each of them? |
|
Definition
1st=Edward VI who was a strict Protestant
2nd=Mary Tudor who was Catholic
3rd=Elizabeth Tudor who was Protestant |
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|
Term
| Who was one of the most influential Protestant women in France? |
|
Definition
| Marguerite of Navarre, Protestant who protected Protestant teachers, brother of Francis I and grandmother of Henry VI of France |
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|
Term
| Who were two other influential women Protestants? |
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Definition
| Mergaret More, daughter of Thomas More and a recognized scholar, and Catherine Parr, the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII. |
|
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Term
| Why did Protestantism appeal to both men and women of the middle class? |
|
Definition
| The preacers spoke in the vernacular (native) language and women in Germany, England, and the Netherlands had strong nationalist feelings against Rome. |
|
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Term
| Where was John Calvin born? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did John Calvin study and what did he study there? |
|
Definition
| He studied law and philosophy at the University of Paris |
|
|
Term
| Where did Calvin flee when Francis I ordered all Protestants be arrested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Calvin do in Switzerland in 1536? |
|
Definition
| He wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion. |
|
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Term
| What two things did Calvin teach? |
|
Definition
1. All men and women are sinful, but only a few will be saved by God and these few, called the "elect", have been determined by birth.
2. It is the elect's duty to rule society in God's name, which led Calvin to believe in a theocracy. |
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Term
| What is a theocracy and why is it different from Luther's ideas? |
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Definition
| A theocracy is where the church is the main point of society. Luther believed people should obey earthly rulers. |
|
|
Term
| What happened with John Calvin in 1541? |
|
Definition
| The Protestants of French-speaking Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their community. |
|
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Term
| What happened to Geneva, France? |
|
Definition
| It became a sort of "city of saints" where the people lived simply and by harsh rules, such as no wearing bright clothing, no playing cards, and no staying at the town tavern after 9:00 PM. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A Scottish preacher who saw Geneva and in 1599 put Calvin's ideas to work in Scottish communities. |
|
|
Term
| Who led the small community churches in Scotland? |
|
Definition
| A group of elders called "presbyters" which led Knox and his followers to be called Presbyterians. |
|
|
Term
| What did Knox help to do in 1567? |
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Definition
| Overthrow the Catholic queen Mary Stuart and made Calvinism the official religion. |
|
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Term
| What three countries adopted Calvinism but didn't actually make it their official religion? |
|
Definition
| Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands |
|
|
Term
| What three countries made Lutheranism their official religion? |
|
Definition
| The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. Norway was under the control of Denmark and so became Lutheran when Denmark did. |
|
|
Term
| What were French Calvinists known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He ended Church power in Sweden |
|
|
Term
| Who were the Anabaptists? |
|
Definition
| Religious group that believed you should only be baptized once you were old enough to understand what it meant to be a Christian, and that if you were baptized as a baby, you should be baptized again when you were older. |
|
|
Term
| What were some beliefs of the Anabaptists? |
|
Definition
| They believed in seperation of church and state, they refused to fight in wars, and they believed in sharing possesions. |
|
|
Term
| Who persecuted the Anabaptists? |
|
Definition
| Catholics and other Protestant groups. |
|
|
Term
| What does Anabaptist mean? |
|
Definition
| It comes from the Greek word meaning "baptized again". |
|
|
Term
| Who were the Anabaptists forerunners to? |
|
Definition
| The Mennonites and the Amish |
|
|
Term
| What did the Quakers and Baptists do? |
|
Definition
| They split from the Anglican church |
|
|
Term
| Where did the Anabaptists teach later on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were the two reformers before Luther, where were they from, and when did they teach? |
|
Definition
| John Wycliffe of England and John Huss of Bohemia who taught in the late 1300s to the early 1400s |
|
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Term
| What did John Huss and John Wycliffe teach? |
|
Definition
| The stated the the Bible was the ultimate authority and denied that the pope had worldly power. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Counter-Reformation? |
|
Definition
| A number of reforms and actions taken by the Catholic Church in order to strengthen and spread the Catholic religion. |
|
|
Term
| What did Ignatius Loyola do? |
|
Definition
| He founded the Society of Jesus |
|
|
Term
| What was the Society of Jesus? |
|
Definition
| A religious group that focused on three main ideas. |
|
|
Term
| What were the three main ideas of the Society of Jesus? |
|
Definition
1. Founding schools to teach Catholic theology.
2. Converting non-Christians to Christianity.
3. Stopping Protestantism from spreading. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Council of Trent? |
|
Definition
| A church council that clarified the teachings of the Church. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Council of Trent state? |
|
Definition
| The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final, faith AND good works were necessary for salvation, the Bible and Church's traditions were equally powerful authorities, and indulgences were a valid expression of faith but selling them was illegal. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Index of Forbidden Books? |
|
Definition
| A list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Peace of Ausburg? |
|
Definition
| It was a religuous settlement that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They were monks who were members of the extremist Catholic reform group the Society of Jesus. They placed emphasis on absolute discipline and obedience and were willing to go anywhere for the pope. |
|
|
Term
| What did Pope Paul III do? |
|
Definition
| He stengthened the Catholic Church by directing a council of cardinals to make an investigation of all the wrong-doings in the Church. He also approved the Jesuit order and called together the Council of Trent. |
|
|
Term
| What did Pope Paul IV do? |
|
Definition
| He carried out the Council of Trent's doctrines and made the Index of Forbidden Books. |
|
|
Term
| What was the downside of the Peace of Ausburg? |
|
Definition
| It led to religious seperation, not unity. |
|
|
Term
| What were the two names for the reform in the Catholic Church? |
|
Definition
| The Catholic Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two names for the reform in the Catholic Church was used by the Protestants and which was used by the Catholics? |
|
Definition
| Counter-Reformation is used by the Protestants and Catholic Reformation is used by the Catholics. |
|
|
Term
| Why do the Protestants and Catholics have different names for the reform in the Catholic Church? |
|
Definition
| The Protestants focus on how the Catholics wanted to "counter" the Protestant reform, hence the name "Counter-Reformation". The Catholics focus on the sincere desire of religious figures to end Church corruption. |
|
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Term
| What is the geocentric theory and what is the heliocentric thoery? |
|
Definition
Geocentric=Earth is center of universe/everything revolves around Earth.
Heliocentric=Sun is center of universe/everything revolves around Sun. |
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific method and what are it's main steps? |
|
Definition
It is a logical process for gathering data. The steps are as follows:
1. Stating the problem.
2. Forming a hypothesis.
3. Testing the hypothesis with an experiment.
4. Analysing the data and drawing a conclusion. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Copernicus and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| A Polish churchman and astronomer who studied planetary movements for 30 years and then concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Tycho Brahe and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| Danish astronomer who recorded the movements of each planet and several hundred stars. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Kepler and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| Brahe's assistant. He came up with the three laws of planetary movement and the scientific method. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 laws of planetary movement? |
|
Definition
1. Planets have eliptical orbits.
2. Planets move more rapidly the closer they are to the Sun.
3. The time taken for planets to orbit the Sun is proportional to their distance from the Sun. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Starry Messenger? |
|
Definition
| A small book written by Galileo. It was about his observations of spacue with his telescope. It said that Jupiter had four moons, the Sun had dark spots, and the moon had a rough and uneven surface. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Vesalius and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| He was a Flemish doctor who published On the Fabric of the Human body, which contained amnazingly detailed illustrations of human anatomy (muscles, bones, organs). |
|
|
Term
| Who was Harvey and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| An English doctor who published a book showing that the heart pumped blood throughout the body, not the liver as it had been previously believed. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| He was a scientist who used a microsope to observe bacteria in his saliva and to observe red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Fahreheit and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| A German physicist who created a mercury thermomete showing freezing at 32 degrees and boiling at 212 degrees. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Celsius and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| A Swedish astronomer who created another mercury thermometer showing freezing at 0 degrees and boiling at 100 degrees. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Torricelli and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| He was one of Galileo's students and created the fist mercury barometer. |
|
|
Term
| What did Ptolemy believe about the Earth? |
|
Definition
| He beleived it was the center of the universe (geocentric theory). |
|
|
Term
| Why was Galileo's discovery of the moon's uneven surface signifigant? |
|
Definition
| It went against Aristotle's theory that the Earth was made of a rough, impure material and that the moon and Sun were made of a smooth, pure material. |
|
|
Term
| What happened when Galileo wrote a book that supported Copernicus' theories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened at Galileo's trial? |
|
Definition
| He made a public confession taking back his ideas and stating that Copernicus' ideas were false as well. |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Galileo after his trial? |
|
Definition
| He was allowed to live but was placed under house arrest until his death in 1642. |
|
|
Term
| What were the four new instruments that came into play during the Scientific Revolution and what was their signifigance? |
|
Definition
1. Telescope allowed you to see objects that were far away.
2. Microsope allowed you to see minute objects.
3. Thermometer measured temperature.
4. Barometer measured atmospheric pressure and helped to make weather predictions. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Galileo take back his ideas, but Martin Luther didn't? |
|
Definition
| Galileo was afraid to die, and he knew that he could and would be killed if he did not take back his ideas. Luther had powerful friends and many followers, killing him would make those friends enemies of the government and Luther would become a martyr. |
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