Term
| What is cortisol's prime metabolic effect? |
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Definition
| To provoke gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Located deep in the sternum and thorax
-Large and conspicuous in children
-diminishes in size throughout adulthood
-involved in normal development of T-Lymphocytes and immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances, secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body. |
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Term
| Classification of Hormones. |
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Definition
| Hormones are classified as either amino acid based or as a steroid. |
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Term
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Definition
-Generated when a hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane.
-Virtually all amino acid-based hormones (with exception of thyroid hormone), exert their signaling effects through intracellular second messengers |
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Term
| 3 types of endocrine gland stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroids are synthesized from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract |
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Definition
-The neural connection tract between the hypothalamic tissue and the hypothalamus via a nerve bundle
-Runs through the infundibulum |
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Term
| Hypophyseal Portal System |
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Definition
| -Composed of the primary and secondary capillary plexuses and the intervening hypophyseal portal veins |
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Term
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Definition
-Strong stimulant of uterine contraction
-Released in significantly higher amounts during childbirth and in nursing women
***Both childbirth and milk ejection result from POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS of oxytocin. |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| -Prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload |
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Term
| Alcohol's effect on ADH Hormone |
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Definition
-Drinking alcoholic beverages inhibits ADH secretion and causes copious urine output.
-The dry mouth and intense thirst of the "hangover" reflect the dehydrating effect of alcohol. |
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Term
| Changes produced by a Hormonal Stimulus (There are 5) |
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Definition
1) Alters plasma membrane permeability (membrane potential)
2) Stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules such as enzymes w/in a cell
3)Activates or deactivates enzymes
4)Induces secretory activity
5) Stimulates mitosis |
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Term
| Target Cell response to Hormones |
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Definition
| -in order for a target cell to respond to a hormone, the cell must have specific protein receptors on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which that hormone can bind |
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Term
| Name differences between the two lobes of the Pituitary Gland. |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
-composed largely of pituicytes and nerve fibers
-releases neurohormones
-located in the neurohypophysis region with the infundibulum
Anterior Pituitary Lobe
-composed of glandular tissue
-manufactures and releases a number of hormones
-located in adenohypophysis region |
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Term
| Hormone Binding Steps/G Protein Link |
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Definition
1) Link between 1rst and 2nd messenger actually communicate through the G-Protein
2) The 2nd Messenger Mechanism of hormones action operates by binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G-Protein and cAMP. |
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Term
| Fight vs Flight (Epinephrine vs Norepinephrine) |
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Definition
-Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the hear
-Norepinephrine has greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-somatotropin
-it's major targets are the bones and skeletal muscles
-stimulation of skeletal muscles promotes increased muscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
| **produces parathormone, the single most important hormone controlling the calcium balance of the blood |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone release causes? (3) |
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Definition
1)Stimulates osteoclasts
2)enhances reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
3)promotes activation of Vitamin D |
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Term
| Describe Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
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Definition
-hormone secreted by the heart when blood pressure rises
-fine tunes blood pressure and sodium-water balance of body |
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Term
| Adiposecytes (Adipose Cells) |
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Definition
| -serves to tell your body how much stored energy (as fat) you have |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
-secreted by anterior pituitary
-ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones to help the body resist stressors |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
-Parathormone
-single most important hormone controlling the calcium balance of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
-reduces excretion of Na+ from the body
-primary target is the distal parts of the kidney tubules, where it stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention |
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Term
| Hormone Secretion by Other Organs and the hormone secreted (7) |
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Definition
1) Heart - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
2) Gastrointestinal Tract - Enteroendocrine Cells
3) Kidneys - Erythropoieten
4) Skin - Cholecalciferol
5) Adipose Tissue - Leptin
6) Skeleton - Osteocalcin
7) Thymus - T-lymphocytes and immune system |
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Term
| Liberated Ca+ (2nd Messenger Sys.) |
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Definition
-Liberated Ca+ takes on a second messenger role
-by 1)directly altering the activity of specific enzymes and channels, or by 2) binding to the intracellular regulatory protein |
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Term
| Describe Physical Characteristics of Blood |
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Definition
-sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
-more dense than water and about 5 times more viscous
-blood is slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35-7.45
-Temperature is about 38 degrees Celsius (about 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
-Accounts for approximately 8% of body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| -a unique hemoglobin formed by the fetus that has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin (A) |
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Term
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Definition
-Group O RBCs bear neither the A nor the B antigen
-Universal Donor |
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Term
| Regulation and Protection of Blood |
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Definition
Regulation
-Reg. body temp
-Reg. normal pH in body tissues
-Reg. adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
Protection
-Preventing blood loss by clotting
-Preventing infection (white blood cells) |
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Term
| Lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) |
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Definition
-RBCs have a useful lifespan of 100 to 120 days
-they become "old" as they lose their flexibility and become rigid and fragile
-degenerate and wear out |
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Term
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Definition
AB+ has no antibodies
AB can receive (Universal Recipient) any blood type expect Rh- (in moderation) |
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Term
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Definition
-accounts for some 60% of plasma protein
-the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure
-important blood buffer |
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Term
| Blood Groups with no antibodies. |
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Definition
| AB is the ONLY blood group that does not contain any plasma antibodies. |
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Term
| Red Bone Marrow after 7th month of fetal development. |
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Definition
| -by the 7th month, the red marrow becomes the primary hematopoietic area and remains so throughout life |
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Term
| Name the 3 Plasma Proteins |
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Definition
1)Albumin
2)Globulins
3)Fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
-White blood cells (WBCs) that lack visible cytoplasmic granules
-include lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-WBCs that contain visible granules
-include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
-account for 25% or more of WBC population
-are grouped into two categories, Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
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Term
| Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes |
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Definition
-Granulocytes contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
-Agranulocytes lack obvious granules |
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Term
| List Leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant. |
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Definition
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)vascular spasm - a strongly constricted artery can reduce blood loss for 20-30 minutes
2)Platelet Plug Formation - Platelets aggregate (stick together), forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall
3)Coagulation(Blood Clotting)- reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (molecular glue) for the aggregated platelets |
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Term
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Definition
-a deficiency in Vitamin B12
-the stomach mucosa produces a substance called intrinsic factor that must be present for B12 to be absorbed by intestinal cells
-Intrinsic Factor is deficient in Pernicious Anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| -usually the slowest step of the blood clotting process, but once prothrombin activator is present, the clot forms in 10 to 15 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
-bleeding disorder in which the number of circulating platelets is deficient
-causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body |
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Term
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Definition
-when liver is unable to synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants, abnormal, and often severe, bleeding occurs
**Can be causes by an easily resolved K deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
-WBCs that are the only formed elements that are:
-complete cells
-contain nuclei
-contain usual organelles
-account for less than 1% of total blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
-composed 90% of water
-straw colored, sticky fluid |
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Term
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Definition
-are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured
-form a temporary plug that helps seal the break by sticking to the damaged site |
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Term
| Pathway to Clotting (4 steps) |
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Definition
1)Formation of thromboplastin (Prothrombin activator)
2)Prothrombin to thrombin
3)Fibrinogen to fibrin
4)Clot Retraction |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by abnormal hemoglobin
-hemoglobin S results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain and become spiky and sharp
-interferes with oxygen delivery, leaving victims gasping for air and in extreme pain |
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Term
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Definition
-Blood is the only fluid SUSPENSION in the body
-blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| -red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
-made in kidneys
-glycoprotein hormone
**Signals the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -the production of erythrocytes (RBCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| -condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| -hormone that regulates the formation of platelets |
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Term
| Aspirin, Heparin, Warfarin |
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Definition
| -drugs used to prevent undesirable clotting in patients at risk for heart attack or stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| -a clot that develops and persists in an UNBROKEN blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| -The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. Additional glands, such as the pancreas, gonads, and placenta, also contain endocrine tissue and perform other functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3) The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland that is located in the anterior neck, on the trachea and just inferior to the larynx. The thyroid gland is also the largest pure endocrine gland in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| -its effect is to lower blood Ca2+ levels, antagonizing the effects of parathyroid hormone produced by he parathyroid glands |
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Term
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Definition
| -a loss of sensation, muscle twitches, and convulsions |
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Term
| 3 Zones of the Adrenal Cortex |
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Definition
1)Zona Glomerulosa-(top layer)help control balance of minerals and water in the blood
2)Zona Fasciculata-(middle) metabolic hormones
3)Zona Reticularis-(innermost) produce small amounts of adrenal sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| -produce steroid sex hormones |
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Term
| Production of Female Ovaries. |
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Definition
-small oval organs
-produce eggs, and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| Production of Male Testes. |
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Definition
-located in scrotum
-produce sperm and males sex hormones, primarily testosterone |
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Term
| What does endocrine system do? |
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Definition
| Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones. |
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Term
| What do endocrine glands do? |
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Definition
| produce hormones and lact ducts. They release hormones INTO (endo) surrounding tissue |
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Term
| What do exocrine glands do? |
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Definition
| produce NONHORMONAL substances (sweat, saliva) that are caried to membrane surface |
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Term
| What are hormones and how are they classified? |
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Definition
-Hormones are chemical substances, secreted by cells into extracellular fluids, that regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body.
-They can be either amino acid based or steroids (cholesterol) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of endocrine glan stimuli? |
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Definition
| Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal |
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Term
| What results from hypo and hypersecretion of growth hormone? |
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Definition
-hyposecretion-in children it causes pituitary dwarfism (slowed long bone growth); no problems in adults
-hypersecretion results in gigantism (in a child) or acromegaly (adult) |
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Term
|
Definition
-it is a protein hormone similar to gh
-in humans it is known for stimulating milk production by the breasts |
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Term
| What and where is the Thyroid Gland? |
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Definition
Location-anterior neck; on the trachea; inferior to the larynx
Uses- largest pure endocrine gland in the body; secretes thyroid hormone the bodies major metabolic hormone |
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Term
| What hormone does the Pineal Gland exude and what it's two jobs? |
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Definition
The pineal gland produces melatonin.
Melatonin levels in our blood rise and fall, which 1) controls our diurnal (daily cycle) and causes us to be drowsy; 2) in children it can affect the timing of puberty by inhibiting precocious (too early) sex maturation |
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Term
| What are the Islets of Langerhans and what 2 hormones do the contain? |
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Definition
Islets of Langerhans are cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones (alpha and beta cells)
2 Hormones
Alpha cells - Glucagon production
Beta cells - insulin production |
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Term
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Definition
-large and conspicuous in children
-gets smaller with age
-Produces hormones involved in NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF T LYMPHOCYTES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM |
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Term
| What hormone do the kidneys secrete? |
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Definition
-kidneys secrete erythroprotein
-erythroprotein is a protein hormone that signals bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells |
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