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| traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest, an Italian adventurer. Returned to Europe in 1295 from about a 20 year ‘tour’ of China. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route. |
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| Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire, 1532, of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). |
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| Ponce de Leon: touches and names Florida looking for legendary Fountain of Youth. He first thought that Florida was an island. Explored in 1513 and 1521. |
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| Hernando de Soto (c.1496/1497–1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River. |
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Montezuma, Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear the very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.
The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night, June 30 1520.
The Aztecs attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Tenochtitlan.
oCortes then laid siege to Tenochtitlan and it capitulated on August 13, 1521 |
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Christopher Columbus, a skilled Italian seafarer, convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. The Spanish Monarchs gave Columbus three tiny but seaworthy ships managed by a motley crew. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. After 6 weeks or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he'd made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as "Indians."
This epochal voyage spawned the following system: Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber). |
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| 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. |
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| Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján (1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. |
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| Renaissance – in the 14th century nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure. Printing presses, introduced about 1450, facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge. |
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| Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed heritage or descent. The term was used as a racial category in the Casta system that was in use during the Spanish empire's control of their American colonies; it was used to describe those who had one European-born parent and one who was a member of an indigenous American population in some countries, |
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| The Treaty of Tordesillas- signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Crown of Portugal and Crown of Castile (Spain) along a meridian 370 leagues[note 1] west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. |
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| Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming: Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, and squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. The rich diet provided by this environmentally clever farming technique produced some of the highest population densities on the continent, among them the Creek, Choctaw and Cherokee. Employed as early as 1000 A.D. Grown together in order to maximize yields. |
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| The Great Ice Age came down over North America and created the present day American Midwest. |
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| Canadian Shield – The First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level |
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Mound Builders These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley.
o Cahokia - near East St. Louis today, held 25,000 people at one point.
o Anasazia – built an elaborate pueblo of more than 600 interconnected rooms at Chaco Canyon in Modern Day New Mexico. |
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| The Spanish Armada was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific. |
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| Black Legend: The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate. |
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| Conquistadores = "conquerors". Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power in the 1500s. In the service of God, as well as in search of gold and glory, Spanish conquistadores |
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| The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca. |
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| The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, or Popé's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. |
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| The Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern United States. Their traditional economy is based on agriculture and trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". Of the 21 pueblos that exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the best-known. The main Pueblos are located primarily in New Mexico and Arizona. |
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| Of the 400 settlers who managed to make it to Virginia by 1609, only 60 survived the winter of 1609-1610. Finally, in 1610, a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the suffering. Lord De La Warr ordered the settlers back to Jamestown, imposed a harsh military regime on the colony, and soon undertook aggressive military action against the Indians. |
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| The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco. |
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| When the English landed in 1607, the chieftain Powhatan dominated the native peoples living in the James River Area. He had asserted supremacy over a few dozen small tribes, which came to be called Powhatan’s Confederacy. The English dubbed all the local Indians, the Powhatans. At first, Powhatan possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and eventually, war occurred. |
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| An Iroquois named Handsome Lake arose to warn his tribe’s people to mend their ways. His teachings live today in the form of the longhouse religion. |
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| John Rolfe (1585–1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy. |
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| Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed. It was founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven. Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there was mostly Protestant. This created friction. |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke Island Colony, better known as “The Lost Colony.” The English landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia. After several attempts to start a colony, the unfortunate Roanoke colony mysteriously vanished. |
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| James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World. |
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| Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) of Devon in England was a half-brother (through his mother) of Sir Walter Raleigh. Adventurer, explorer, member of parliament, and soldier, he served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth and was a pioneer of English colonization in North America and the Plantations of Ireland. |
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| In England, King Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell had ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration.” The bloody period had interrupted colonization. |
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| By the end of 1608, a Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape. John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy. |
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| The House of Burgesses was the first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants. Its first meeting was held in Jamestown, Virginia, on July 30, 1619. |
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| Indentured servitude refers to the historical practice of contracting to work for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the term of indenture. They were not paid cash. It was a system that provided jobs and—most important—transportation for poor young people from the overcrowded labor markets (such as Europe) who wanted to come to labor-short areas (at first, principally America, later, other colonies), but had no money to pay for it. |
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| The First Anglo–Powhatan War, between the Powhatan and the English colonists, lasted from 1610 to 1614. 3. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco. |
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| Maryland’s statute, the Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ. |
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| 6. In 1707 the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and to migrate to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under William Penn promised better relations’ betweens the whites and Natives. But the Carolinians determined to ‘thin’ the Savannahs before they could depart; a series of bloody raids all but annihilated the Native American Tribes of coastal Carolina by 1710. |
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| The Iroquois, also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples of present-day central and upstate New York coalesced as distinct tribes, by the 16th century or earlier, they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. |
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| John Calvin preached Calvinism which stressed “predestination” (those going to Heaven or hell have already been determined by God). |
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| Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) was a Puritan woman, spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters. |
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| Roger Williams was a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England. He also challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter, which he condemned for expropriating the land from the Indians without fair compensation. As if this was not enough, he went on to deny the authority of the civil government to regulate religious behavior – a seditious blow at the Puritan idea of government’s very purpose. Williams fled to Rhode Island in 1636. |
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| Henry Hudson (c. 1560s/70s[3] – 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. 4. In 1609, Henry Hudson ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands. |
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| William Bradford, chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in the annual elections, was a great leader, and helped Plymouth to survive and trade fur, fish, and lumber. |
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| Peter Stuyvesant (c.1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City. Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general included a great expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became Broad Street, and Broadway. |
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| William Laud (7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism. This, and his support for King Charles I, resulted in his beheading in the midst of the English Civil War. |
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| Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. |
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| William Penn (14 October 1644 – 30 July 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. |
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| John Winthrop (12 January 1587/8[1] – 26 March 1649) was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies. In October 1629 he was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in April 1630 he led a group of colonists to the New World, founding a number of communities on the shores of Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River. Between 1629 and his death in 1649, he served 12 annual terms as governor, and was a force of comparative moderation in the religiously conservative colony. |
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| In 1675 Massasoit’s son, Metacom, called King Philip by the English, forged such an alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages. Frontier settlements were especially hard hit, and refugees fell back toward the relative safety of Boston. King Philip’s War (1675 – 1676) – Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. When the war ended in 1676, 52 Puritan towns had been attacked, and 12 destroyed entirely. Hundred of colonists and many more Indians lay dead. |
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| John Cotton - a prominent clergy member, was educated at Cambridge and had immigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England. In the Bay Colony, he devoted his considerable learning to defending the government’s duty to enforce religious rules. |
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| Sir Edmund Andros (6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714) was an English colonial administrator in North America. Andros was known most notably for his governorship of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence. At other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of New York, East and West Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland. |
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| The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. It was sparked by the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. The Reformation was precipitated by earlier events within Europe, such as the Black Death and the Western Schism, which eroded people's faith in the Catholic Church and the Papacy which governed it. This, as well as many other factors, such as the mid 15th-century invention of the printing press, and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, contributed to the creation of Protestantism. |
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| The Pilgrims or Separatists came from Holland, where they had fled to after they had left England. They wanted a place where they were free to worship their own religion and could live and die as good Pilgrims. |
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| Basic doctrines were stated in the 1536 document entitled Institutes of the Christian Religion. Stated that all humans were weak and wicked. Only the predestined could go to heaven, no matter what. Calvinists were expected to seek “conversions,” signs that they were one of the predestined, and afterwards, lead “sanctified lives.” |
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| New England Confederation |
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| was a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Established in 1643, its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans. It was established as a direct result of a war that started between the Mohegan and Narragansetts. Its charter provided for the return of fugitive criminals and indentured servants, and served as a forum for resolving inter-colonial disputes. In practice, none of the goals were accomplished. |
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| Massachusetts Bay Company |
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| The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. The territory administered by the colony included much of present-day central New England, including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean. |
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| Navigation Laws/Acts: Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts stated that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass though England. |
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| The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. |
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| Puritans, were influenced to totally reform (“purify”) the Church of England. |
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| Separatists vowed to break away from the Church of England because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned.” |
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| Dutch West India Company was a chartered company of Dutch merchants. Among its founding fathers was Willem Usselincx (1567–1647). On June 2, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas. |
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1. The Quakers (characteristics): They “quaked” under deep religious emotion. They were offensive to religious and civil rule. They built simple meetinghouses, congregated without a paid clergy, and ‘spoke up’ themselves in meetings when moved. They addressed everyone with simple “thee”s and “thou”s and didn’t swear oaths because Jesus had said “Swear not at all,” this last part creating a problem, since you had to swear a test oath to prove that you weren’t Roman Catholic.
The Quakers were a people of deep conviction. They abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service. As advocated for passive resistance, they would turn the other cheek and rebuild their meetinghouse on the site where their enemies had torn it down. Their courage and devotion to principle finally triumphed. Although at times they seemed stubborn and unreasonable, they were a simple, devoted, democratic people, contending in their own high-minded way for religious and civic freedom. |
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| Mayflower & Mayflower Compact |
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Mayflower Compact – 1620, an agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.
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| The Protestant work ethic (or the Puritan work ethic) is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes hard work, frugality and prosperity as a display of a person's salvation in the Christian faith. The phrase was initially coined in 1904 by Max Weber in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. |
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| In 1639, settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a stunning document called the Fundamental Orders. Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, the document was the first ‘modern constitution’ establishing a democratic government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut’s colonial charter and later, its state constitution. |
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| Sir William Berkeley ( /ˈbɑrkliː/; Hanworth Manor, Middlesex 1605–1677) was a colonial governor of Virginia, and one of the Lords Proprietors of the Colony of Carolina; he was appointed to these posts by King Charles I of England, of whom he was a favorite. Berkeley enacted friendly policies toward the Native Americans that led to the revolt by some of the planters in 1676 which became known as Bacon's Rebellion. In the aftermath, King Charles II was angered by the retribution exacted against the rebels by Berkeley, and recalled him to England. |
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| In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a few thousand of these men in a rebellion against the hostile conditions. These people wanted land and were resentful of Virginia governor William Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians. Bacon’s men murderously attacked Indian settlements after Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of savage Indian attacks on the frontier. |
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| Eventually, to clear up issues on slave ownership, the slave codes made it so that slaves and their children would remain slaves to their masters for life (chattels), unless they were voluntarily freed. Some laws made teaching slaves to read a crime, and not even conversion to Christianity might qualify a slave for freedom. |
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| Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer’s passage to the colony |
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| The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were a large financial undertaking, and they were generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals. |
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| (1676): Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley’s refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite. |
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| Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah. |
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| (1689-1691): Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of the many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World. |
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| (1662): Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. |
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| Was a preacher with fiery preaching methods, emotionally moving many listeners to tears while talking of the eternal damnation that nonbelievers would face after death. He began preaching in 1734, and his methods sparked debate among his peers. |
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| Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire department and a university. |
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| Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crévecoeur |
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| The French settler Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crévecoeur saw in America in the 1770s “strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country,” and he posed his classic question, “What then is the American, this new man?” Nor were white colonists alone in creating new societies out of diverse ethnic groups. The African slave trade long had mixed peoples from many different tribal backgrounds, giving birth to an African American community far more variegated in its cultural origins than anything to be found in Africa itself. Similarly, in the New England “praying towns,” where Indians were gathered to be Christianized, and in Great Lakes villages such as Detroit, home to dozens of different displaced indigenous peoples, polyglot Native American communities emerged, blurring the boundaries of individual tribal identities. |
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| George Whitefield started four years later than Jonathan Edwards. An orator of rare gifts, he even made Jonathan Edwards weep and persuaded always skeptical Ben Franklin to empty his pockets into the collection plate. |
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| A New York newspaper printer, was taken to court and charged with seditious libel (writing in a malicious manner against someone). The judge urged the jury to consider that the mere fact of publishing was a crime, no matter whether the content was derogatory or not. The Zenger decision was an achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. |
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| who had never been formally educated, did go to Britain and publish a book of verse and subsequently wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope. Her verse compared favorably with the best of the poetry-poor colonial period, but the remarkable fact is that she could overcome her severely disadvantaged background and write any poetry to all. |
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| Paxton Boys (1764): Armed March on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment’s lenient policies toward Native Americans. |
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| Religious revival that swept the Colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A second Great Awakening arose in the 19th century. |
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| The Catawba — also known as Issa or Esaw, but most commonly Iswa — are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans, known as the Catawba Indian Nation. They live in the Southeast United States, along the border between North and South Carolina near the city of Rock Hill. The Catawba were once considered one of the most powerful Southeastern Siouan-speaking tribes. The Catawba and other Siouan peoples are believed to have coalesced as individual tribes in the Southeast. |
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Rack-rent denotes two different concepts:
an excessive or extortionate rent, or
the full rent of a property, including both land and improvements if it were subject to an immediate open-market rental review |
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| (1768-1771): Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. |
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o Old lights: Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spiritually.
o New lights: Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. |
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| (1737): Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans’ desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements. |
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| The Scots-Irish were about 7% of the population, with about 175,000 people. Over many decades, they had been transplanted to Northern Ireland, but they had not found a home there (the already existing Irish Catholics resented them). Many of the Scots-Irish reached America and became squatters, quarreling with both Indians and white landowners. They seemed to try to move as far from Britain as possible, trickling down to Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. |
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| Colonial naval stores-such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine-were highly valued, for Britain was anxious to gain and retain a mastery of the seas. |
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