Describe the new session of Congress

•  convened in 1819 in Washington DC
• the first time congress had met since the Capitol had been burned during the war of 1812.
• Congress was much more tense now
• No longer the Era of Good Feelings

• South relied on slaves and cotton
• Northeast relied on manufacturing and trade
• West relied on cheap land and good transportation

• was met w/ an ammendment proposed by James Tallmadge, suggesting that the introduction of further slaves into Missouri was to be prohibited, and all children who were currently slaves had to be released at 25.
• Ammendment bill passed through House, but lost in the Senate.
• Us was evenly split (11 free/11 slave), and another slave state would tilt power of Congress. 
• Missouri was denied to be a slave state.

• loyalty to local interests
• McCullogh v. Maryland- Supreme Court ruled that states could not tax the Bank of US
• had completely replaced nationalism as the dominant mood in Congress when Missouri applied for statehood.

• Monroe had been elected to a second term.
• Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which allowed Missouri to be a slave state, but that slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of Missouri's southern boundary.
• In exchange, Maine was accepted as a free state, which made the balance 12/12.
• Jefferson strongly objected to the compromise.

• Era of good feelings had ended
• Rep. party split apart.
• four seperate candidates seeking to replace James Monroe.
• New England's Choice: John Quincy Adams (Monroe's secratary of State)
• Westerners Choice: Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay
• Jackson came out on top w/ 40% of the poular vote, and 38% of the electoral vote, but he needed 51% of the electoral votes in order to win, according to the constitution.
• Election was thrown into the House, House was required to choose among top three runners, Clay was left out. 
• Clay swung his votes to Adams, because he respected Clay's American System.  Therefore, Adams won, and Clay was elected his Secretary of State.

• John Randolph, a Virginia congressman, accused corruption.
• Clay challenged Randolph to a duel, but they were both lousy shooters so nobody got shot.
• Adams had to spend his term under the cloud of having won the election without a majority of either poular or electoral votes.
• Congress refused to follow his nationalist program of devoting federal money to the construction of roads and canals.

• Southeners called called the tariff bills of 1824 the tariffs of abomination, because they hated that they had to pay more to help Yankee factories.
• Southeners also feared that foreign countrie would retaliate against  the tariffs by creating their own tariff that would make it too expensive for Europeans to buy the South's cotton.

describe the results of the tariffs

• adams got the blame and he lost the reelection.
• John Calhoun was so outraged about the anti-southern tariff, that he issued the South Carolina Exposition.
• the south carolina exposition was a nullification doctrine that claimed that states had the right to void a federal law within their borders if they thought it was unconstitutional.
• it was issued anonymously, because Calhoun was about to become Andrew Jackson's running mate, and he didn't want it to alter the election.

• was a rematch between Jackson and Adams.
• Jackson won by a landslide, even though he came from the West, lacked a college education, and spent his youth fighting.
• beginning of a rising middle class.
• the common man became the hallmark of democrats.
• known as Jacksonian Democrats, they promised to protect workers and farmers from the elites.

• popular because he was seen as one of the common people, who had risen above poverty.
• used his wits and courage to become a lawyer and planter in Tennessee, later becoming a member of Congress.
• his strengths and predjudices were mostly valued by the restless, mobile Americans.
• became known as Old Hickory.

• two political struggles during that time: the Bank War, and the nullification crisis.
• destroyed the second Bank of Us, and rejected the attempt of S. Carolina to nullify a national tariff.

• accused Adams of having created a social elite of self-serving bureaucrats, vowed to make the gov. more aware of the popular will.
• set the stage for future presidents to move more aggressively and provide democratic reasoning  for gov. service.
• Spoils system- future victorious parties came to give gov. jobs to its supporters and remove the appointees of the defeated party

• the Us gov. had been encouraging Indians to move west of the Mississippi River.
• On behalf of the gov., Jackson offered them a choice: either settle on a reservation, or head west.  Most had chosen to stay and settle, adopting a more white way of life.
• Sequoya was a Cherokee leader who learned to read the white people's things.  he believed that Indian survival depended upon literacy, so  he created an Indian alphabet .  He also created a newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix, which was published in English and Spanish.

• under constant pressure from white settlers, the five civilized tribes had ceded most of their lands to whites.
• All of the tribes except the Seminoles moved had moved far in the direction of coexistence w/the whites.
• Cherokee had gone farthest, intermarriage w/ whites and acceptance of white ways happened.
• Congress passed Indian removal act, and cherokees took their case to court.  at first, it seemed like they won, but Jackson wouldn't allow the Supreme Court to let them stay.
• John Ross was a Cherokee leader who tried to find a compromise, but failed.

• the last and most famous removal.
• resisting Cherokees were driven west to Oklahoma along the Trail of Tears, in which a army of soldiers led by General Winfield Scott escorted them.