Term
| Name the 4 regions of the brain |
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Definition
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum |
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Term
| Name the lobes and their functions |
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Definition
Frontal lobe - reasoning
Parietal lobe - general sensory
Occipital lobe - vision/sight
temporal lobe - hearing |
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Term
| What is the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| external layer of gray matter, covers the surface of adult brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue area: houses motor neurons cell bodies, interneurons cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmylinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue area: contains myelinated axons |
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Term
| List the protective structures of the brain |
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Definition
1) bony cranium provides rigid support
2)Meninges - connective tissues that support and portion parts of brain
3)CSF acts as cushioning fluid
4) BBB prevents harmful material from leaving bloodstream and entering brain. |
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Term
| List the 3 cranial meninges from deepest to superficial |
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Definition
1) Pia mater
2) arachnoid mater
3) dura mater |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| an axon bundle extending through the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination |
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Term
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Definition
| Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems |
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Term
| What is the function of the meninges? |
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Definition
1)Cover and protect the CNS
2) protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
3)contain CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate areolar connective tissue, highly vascularized, tightly adheres to the brain following contours |
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Term
| What is the arachnoid mater |
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Definition
collagen and elastic fibers form arachnoid trabeculae housed by the subarachnoid space, external to pia mater.
Subdural space exists between arachnoid mater and dura mater. Fluid can accumulates forming subdural hematoma |
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Term
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Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue, strongest meninge. Composed of periosteal layer and meningeal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| more superficial layer, helps form periosteum on the internal surface of cranial bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| deep to periosteal layer, usually fused to periosteal |
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Term
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Definition
| veins, no valves, formed by periosteal and meningeal layers, drain blood from brain and transport to the internal jugular. |
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Term
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Definition
space between dura mater and bones of skull.
contains arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones. Location of epidural hematoma. |
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Term
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Definition
1) circulates in the ventricles
2) subarachnoid space
3) CNS |
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Term
| List the functions of CSF |
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Definition
1) Bouyancy - brain floats in CSF supporting 95% of its weight
2) Protection - liquid cushion protecting delicate parts from sudden force or blows
3) Environment stability - CSF transports nutrients, removes waste |
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Term
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Definition
The choroid plexus in each ventricle (epedymal cells and capillaries within the pia mater)
CSF is secreted by epedymal cells that originates in blood plasma. |
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Term
| What is the circulation of CSF |
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Definition
1)CSF produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
2) CSF flows from lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle through cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle.
3) CSF in 4th ventricle flows into subarachnoid space, fills central canal of spinal cord
4) in subarachnoid space, removes waste products and provides buoyancy
5) As CSF accumulates provides pressure on arachnoid villi. Extend villi into dural venous sinuses providing conduit for one way flow of excess CSF into bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Astrocytes that strictly regulate what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of brain. |
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Term
| Why are some areas without the BBB? What areas are they? |
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Definition
Some areas of the brain require access to or regulation of the blood stream
The hypothalamus - hormone production with needed access to bloodstream
The choroid plexus - CSF formation
the Pineal gland - hormone production with needed access to bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| location of conscious thought and processes, origin of complex intellectual functions. Composed of outer gray matter called cerebrum cortex, inner white matter, and areas of gray matter in white matter called cerebral nuclei. |
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Term
| What is the central sulcus |
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Definition
| deep groove that marks the boundary between frontal lobe and parietal lobe |
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Term
| What is the lateral sulcus |
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Definition
| deep groove marking the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal/parietal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of nervous tissue immediately anterior to the central sulcus. |
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Term
| What is the primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)? |
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Definition
| located within the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, contains neurons that control voluntary skeletal muscles activity. Left primary motor cortex controls right side and visa versa |
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Term
| Explain the innervation of the motor cortex to various body parts. |
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Definition
| The hands have a large part of the motor cortex dedicated to it because hands perform very detailed work, versus the trunk, which has very little of the motor cortex dedicated to it. |
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Term
| Where and what is the motor speech area (Boca area) |
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Definition
| located in left frontal lobe, responsible for controlling muscular movements necessary for vocalization. |
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Term
| Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located and what does it do? |
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Definition
1)Located in postecentral sulcus of parietal lobe
2) receive general somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain and temperature. |
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Term
| What is an association area? |
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Definition
Either process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response
Integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experience. |
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Term
| What is the Wernicke are? |
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Definition
| area responsible for recognizing, understanding and comprehending spoken and written language. Must work with motor speech area for communication to occur. |
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Term
| What is the premotor cortex? |
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Definition
1)Located in frontal lobe, anterior to precentral gyrus
2) process motor information and coordinates learned skills (playing piano) |
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Term
| What is the somatosensory association area? |
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Definition
1) located in parietal lobe, posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
2) interprets sensory information, responsible for integrating and interpreting sensory information. (ex. texture, temperature, pressue) |
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Term
| What is the auditory association area? |
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Definition
1)located in temporal lobe
2) interpret sound and store memories of sound |
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Term
| What is the visual association area? |
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Definition
1) located in occipital lobe
2)process visual information, analyze color, movement, form to identify what we see. (recognizing a face) |
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Term
| What is the central white matter |
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Definition
| located deep to the gray matter, composed of myelinated axons. |
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Term
| What is the association tract (fibers) |
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Definition
part of the central white matter
fibers and neurons that connect different parts of the brain together within the same hemisphere. ex. Wernicke ares to motor speech area. |
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Term
| What are commissural fibers? |
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Definition
extends between cerebral hemispheres connecting through axonal bridges called commissures.
Ex. Corpus collosum connecting the right and left hemispheres |
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Term
| What are Projection fibers |
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Definition
connect cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord.
Ex. corticospinal tract - carry motor signals from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and brainstem |
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Term
| What is the cerebral nuclei |
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Definition
paired irregular mass of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.
Has input in skeletal muscle control |
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Term
| What does the putamen do? |
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Definition
| controlling muscular movement at the subconscious level |
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Term
| What does the globus pallidus do |
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Definition
| excites and inhibits the activities of the hypothalamus to control and adjust muscle tone. |
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Term
| What does the caudate nusleus do? |
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Definition
| neurons in this nucleus stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The in between brain, composed of the thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei, choroid plexus above epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine gland, releases melatonin responsible for day/night cycles (circadian rhythm) |
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Term
| What is the habenular nuclei |
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Definition
| relays signals from limbic system, visceral and emotional response to odors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle and final relay point for sensory information. Acts as information filter filtering out white noise. |
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Term
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Definition
Master control of ANS
Master control of endocrine system
Controls emotional behavior
controls food and water intake
regulation of sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
| What is the mammillary body? |
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Definition
part of hypothalamus
Processes sensations related to smelling |
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Term
| What is the Infundibulum? |
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Definition
part of hypothalamus
attaches hypothalamus to pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| bidirectional passageway for all tracts between the cerebellum and the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the medulla oblongata |
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Definition
Part of brainstem
1)Cardiac center - Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
2) vasomotor center - controls blood pressure by regulating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of arteries.
3) respiratory center - regulates respiratory rate.
4) houses cranial nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Part of brainstem
1) houses the autonomic respiratory center that regulates rate and depth of breathing.
houses sensory and motor cranial nerves |
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Term
| What is the mesencephalon |
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Definition
| Midbrain, superior portion of brainstem, contains cerebral aqueduct, houses oculomotor nerve and trochlear nerve. |
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Term
| What is the superior colluculi? |
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Definition
| Visual reflex center, visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning head and eyes in response to stimuli. |
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Term
| What is the inferior colliculi |
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Definition
| auditory reflex center, control reflexive turning of the head/eyes in response to sudden sound. |
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Term
| What is the cerebral aquaduct |
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Definition
| connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Term
| What is the substantia nigra |
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Definition
| contains melanin pigmentation, houses clusters of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affect brain processes that control movement, emotional response and ability to experience pleasure or pain. Degeneration of these cells is the related to Parkinsons Disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| along with tegmentum, issues involuntary motor commands erector spinae muscles to help maintain posture while standing, bending at waist and walking. |
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Term
| What is the corpora aquaduct |
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Definition
| house superior and inferior colliculi, relay stations for in the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensures muscle contraction follows correct patterns leading to smooth coordinated movements.
Stores memory of previously learned movement patterns.
Controls proprioception. |
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Term
| What is the limbic system |
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Definition
involved in motivation, emotion and memory with an emotional association.
Past memory of a physical sensation with emotional state. |
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Term
| What is the cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| brings emotionally significant events into conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| storing memories and forming long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with other diencephalon limbic structures |
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Term
| What is the amygdaloid body? |
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Definition
| help store and code memory based on how a person emotionally perceived them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Motor
Eye Muscles
Pupil dilation/constriction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mixed
Face pain/temp
Face touch
Jaw proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mixed
Facial expression
Salivary glands
Taste |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory
Auditory
Balance/equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
Mixed
Head and Neck:
-Salivary glands
-Swallowing muscle
-Taste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Motor
Stemocleidomastoid
Trapezius |
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Term
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Definition
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