Term
The Autonomic Nervous System and VisceralSensory Neurons
The ANS – a system of __ neurons
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Regulates ___ functions
___,___,___,___
The general visceral motor division of the PNS |
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Definition
The Autonomic Nervous System and VisceralSensory Neurons
The ANS – a system of motor neurons
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Regulates visceral functions
Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination
The general visceral motor division of the PNS |
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Term
Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
Somatic motor system
Each motor neuron runs from the CNS all the way to the ___ it innervates.
Each motor unit consists of a single __ plus the skeletal muscle cells that it innervates
Axons are well ___, conduct impulses rapidly |
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Definition
Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
Somatic motor system
Each motor neuron runs from the CNS all the way to the muscle it innervates.
Each motor unit consists of a single neuron plus the skeletal muscle cells that it innervates
Axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses rapidly |
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Term
Autonomic nervous system: (Visceral)
Chain of __ motor neurons |
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Definition
Autonomic nervous system (Visceral)
Chain of two motor neurons |
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Term
____ neuron - first neuron - cell body lies within the spinal cord or brain
Its axon - ___ axon, synapses with the motor neuron in a peripheral autonomic ___
____ neuron - second neuron - ___ axon extends to the visceral organs
Conduction is __er than somatic motor neurons due to thinly or unmyelinated axons |
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Definition
Preganglionic neuron - first neuron - cell body lies within the spinal cord or brain
Its axon - preganglionic axon, synapses with the motor neuron in a peripheral autonomic ganglion
Ganglionic neuron - second neuron - postganglionic axon extends to the visceral organs
Conduction is slower than somatic motor neurons due to thinly or unmyelinated axons |
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Term
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Both have chains of __ motor neurons
Innervate mostly the same structures
Cause opposite effects - one division ___ some smooth muscles to contract or gland to secrete the other __ that action |
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Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Both have chains of two motor neurons
Innervate mostly the same structures
Cause opposite effects - one division stimulates some smooth muscles to contract or gland to secrete the other inhibits that action |
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Term
____ – “fight, flight, or fright”
Activated during exercise, excitement, and emergencies
Becomes active when extra metabolic effort is needed and temporarily nonessential functions -digestion, urination are inhibited |
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Definition
Sympathetic – “fight, flight, or fright”
Activated during exercise, excitement, and emergencies
Becomes active when extra metabolic effort is needed and temporarily nonessential functions -digestion, urination are inhibited |
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Term
_____ – “rest and digest”
Concerned with conserving energy
Controls routine maintenance functions |
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Definition
Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”
Concerned with conserving energy
Controls routine maintenance functions |
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Term
| Sympathetic – also called the ___ division |
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Definition
| Sympathetic – also called the thoracolumbar division |
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Term
| Parasympathetic – also called the ____ division |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic – also called the craniosacral division |
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Term
Length of postganglionic fibers
Sympathetic – __ postganglionic fibers.
Ganglia lie __ spinal cord
Parasympathetic – __ postganglionic fibers
Ganglia lie ___ from spinal cord, near organs
Branching of axons
Sympathetic axons – ____ branched
Influences many organs
Parasympathetic axons –___ branches
Localized effect |
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Definition
Length of postganglionic fibers
Sympathetic – long postganglionic fibers.
Ganglia lie near spinal cord
Parasympathetic – short postganglionic fibers
Ganglia lie far from spinal cord, near organs
Branching of axons
Sympathetic axons – highly branched
Influences many organs
Parasympathetic axons – few branches
Localized effect |
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Term
Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons
Sympathetic – most release ___ -adrenergic
Parasympathetic – release ____ -cholinergic |
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Definition
Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons
Sympathetic – most release norepinephrine -adrenergic
Parasympathetic – release acetylcholine -cholinergic |
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Term
The Parasympathetic Division
Concerned with ___ energy
Controls routine maintenance functions |
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Definition
The Parasympathetic Division
Concerned with conserving energy
Controls routine maintenance functions |
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Term
The Parasympathetic Division
Cranial outflow
Comes from the brain
Innervates organs of the (4) |
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Definition
Cranial outflow
Comes from the brain
Innervates organs of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen |
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Term
The Parasympathetic Division
Sacral outflow
Supplies remaining __ and ___ organs |
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Definition
The Parasympathetic Division
Sacral outflow
Supplies remaining abdominal and pelvic organs |
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Term
The Parasympathetic Division
Cranial Outflow
Cranial parasympathetic outflow is contained in several cranial nerves
Preganglionic fibers run via:
___ nerve (III)
Parasympathetic fibers innervate smooth muscles in the eye
Cause pupil ___ - allows focusing on __ objects
___ nerve (VII)
Parasympathetic fibers stimulate ___ of glands in the head, tears, mucous secreting glands in the nasal cavity, submandibular and sublingual glands
____ nerve (IX)
Parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion of glands in the head, parotid gland
___ nerve (X)
Fibers innervate visceral organs of the thorax and most of the abdomen
Not the pelvic organs
Stimulates - digestion, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure
__, __ and ___ supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head |
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Definition
Cranial Outflow
Cranial parasympathetic outflow is contained in several cranial nerves
Preganglionic fibers run via:
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Parasympathetic fibers innervate smooth muscles in the eye
Cause pupil constriction - allows focusing on close objects
Facial nerve (VII)
Parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion of glands in the head, tears, mucous secreting glands in the nasal cavity, submandibular and sublingual glands
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion of glands in the head, parotid gland
Vagus nerve (X)
Fibers innervate visceral organs of the thorax and most of the abdomen
Not the pelvic organs
Stimulates - digestion, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure
III, VII and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head |
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Term
Path of the ___ Nerve
Sends branches through:
Autonomic nerve plexuses
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Esophageal plexus
Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Celiac and superior mesenteric plexus to intestines, liver, pancreas… |
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Definition
Path of the Vagus Nerve
Sends branches through:
Autonomic nerve plexuses
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Esophageal plexus
Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Celiac and superior mesenteric plexus to intestines, liver, pancreas… |
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Term
Sacral Outflow
Emerges from S2-S4
Continues where the __ ends
Innervates organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen - bladder, reproductive organs |
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Definition
Sacral Outflow
Emerges from S2-S4
Continues where the vagus ends
Innervates organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen - bladder, reproductive organs |
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Term
The Sympathetic Division
Basic organization
Issues from __-__
More complex than the parasympathetic -innervates more organs -sweat glands,hair-raising arrector pili muscles of the skin, smooth muscles in the arteries and veins walls
Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
Contains more ganglia than the parasympathetic division |
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Definition
The Sympathetic Division
Basic organization
Issues from T1-L2
More complex than the parasympathetic -innervates more organs -sweat glands,hair-raising arrector pili muscles of the skin, smooth muscles in the arteries and veins walls
Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
Contains more ganglia than the parasympathetic division |
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Term
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
Located on both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis
Not in the neck
Overall __-__ sympathetic trunk ganglia/side
_ cervical- _ thoracic - _ lumbar - _ sacral -_ coccygeal ganglia |
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Definition
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
Located on both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis
Not in the neck
Overall 22-24 sympathetic trunk ganglia/side
3 cervical- 11 thoracic - 4 lumbar - 4 sacral -1 coccygeal ganglia |
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Term
Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Periphery
Innervate
__ glands
___ muscles in the skin
___ blood vessels |
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Definition
Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Periphery
Innervate
Sweat glands
Arrector pili muscles in the skin
Peripheral blood vessels |
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Term
Sympathetic Pathways to the Head
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord at __-__
They inhibit (3) glands
They stimulate __ muscle - eye pupil dilation |
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Definition
Sympathetic Pathways to the Head
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord at T1-T4
They inhibit lacrimal, nasal and salivary glands
They stimulate iris muscle - eye pupil dilation |
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Term
Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate at spinal levels __-__
__ heart rate, __ blood vessels supplying heart wall
__ respiratory air tubes and ___ muscles and glands in the esophagus
Postganglionic fibers run directly to the organ supplied |
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Definition
Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate at spinal levels T1-T6
Speeds heart rate, dilates blood vessels supplying heart wall
Dilate respiratory air tubes and inhibit muscles and glands in the esophagus
Postganglionic fibers run directly to the organ supplied |
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Term
Sympathetic Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (__-__)
__ activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs |
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Definition
Sympathetic Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (T5-L2)
Inhibit activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs |
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Term
Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (__-__)
___ urination and defecation
___ ejaculation |
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Definition
Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (T10 –L2)
Inhibit urination and defecation
Promote ejaculation |
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Term
The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
On the superior aspect of the kidneys lies an adrenal gland (suprarenal)
Internal portion of the adrenal is the adrenal medulla
Major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
Constitutes largest sympathetic ____
Are not neurons and do not innervate any organs
Secretes great quantities of ___ and ___
Once released, the hormones travel through the bloodstream, producing widespread excitatory effects called “surge of adrenaline” |
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Definition
The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
On the superior aspect of the kidneys lies an adrenal gland (suprarenal)
Internal portion of the adrenal is the adrenal medulla
Major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
Constitutes largest sympathetic ganglia
Are not neurons and do not innervate any organs
Secretes great quantities of norepinephrine and adrenaline
Once released, the hormones travel through the bloodstream, producing widespread excitatory effects called “surge of adrenaline” |
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Term
Visceral Sensory Neurons
Visceral division of the PNS, contains sensory and motor (autonomic) neurons
General visceral sensory neurons monitor:
(4) within the visceral organs
Brain interprets this visceral information as feeling hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, or well-being
Visceral sensations tend to be difficult to localize with precision
For ex: difficult to distinguish if gas pains originate in the stomach or in the intestine
Cell bodies are located in the ___ root ganglia
Visceral pain – perceived to be somatic in origin=Referred pain |
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Definition
Visceral Sensory Neurons
Visceral division of the PNS, contains sensory and motor (autonomic) neurons
General visceral sensory neurons monitor:
Stretch, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation within the visceral organs
Brain interprets this visceral information as feeling hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, or well-being
Visceral sensations tend to be difficult to localize with precision
For ex: difficult to distinguish if gas pains originate in the stomach or in the intestine
Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia
Visceral pain – perceived to be somatic in origin
Referred pain |
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