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| An istrumeent that allowed mariners to plot their latitude by determining the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies. |
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| Term applied to a certain type of Catholic art during the reformation. |
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| European stock exchange, group of people organized to provide an auction market among themselves for the buying and selling of securities in good. |
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| Document issued by Henry IV of France granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists in 150 towns. |
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| Spanish imperial palace built 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence. |
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| General History of the Indies (1547) |
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| A book by Spanish chronicler Fernando de Oviedo, providing an informed and reliable account of plants, animals, and people. |
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| Title given 16th century Spain, because of its enormous power and influence in Europe, a power that rested on Mexican and South American gold and silver. |
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| Originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists, later the official title for members of the "Reformed religion", Calvinists. |
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| Chinese invention that allowed sailors to determine their position and direction at sea. |
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| Name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War; recognized the sovereign authority of 300 and more German princes, and made Calvinism a permissible creed within Germany. |
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| Moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. |
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| Economic theory that the flood of South American bullion into Europe created widespread inflation or price rise; much disputed by scholars. |
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| Alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spread of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholicism fought these Lutherans in the Thiry Years' War. |
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| One-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all the precious metals mined in the Americas. |
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| Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, In his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it. |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day massacre |
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| The most violent series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants, each side trying to secure control over the weak French government. |
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| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis |
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| Agreement that ended six decades of war between the French kings and the Spanish rulers. France was denied power in Italy. |
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| Alliance of 7 northern provinces that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. |
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| Spanish possessions in America that were divided into four different units. |
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| Person usually a woman, believed to possess evil powers acquired by contract or association with the devil. |
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