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golden age. Time of great intellectual & artistic creativity. “rebirth”
§ Educated men & women of Italy hoped to bring back classical culture of Greece & Rome.
§ Began in city-states of northern Italy, especially Florence. Different from Europe in 2 ways:
o Northern Italy was highly urban region.
o Northern Italy was a merchant’s region who dominated business, politics, & society
§ Merchants took pride in their achievements b/c not inherited based on class. |
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| Values of the Renaissance |
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§ Celebration of the individual: fame was reward for talent. Portrait painting & autobiography are 2 new art forms that show this interest in individual fame.
§ Love of classical learning: humanism
§ Enjoyment of worldly pleasures: a person can love & enjoy life w/o offending God.
§ The ideal individual strove to master almost every art. |
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Poet born in Florence.
§ Most famous work: The Divine Comedy (comedy means happy ending)-long poem w/ 3 parts
o Filled his poem with real people.
o Full of comments on the political events of Dante’s time.
o Showed keen interest on human personalities.
o Showed both religious ideas of Middle Ages & worldly concerns of Renaissance |
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everyday language of a person’s homeland
§ Dante’s writing in vernacular encouraged other poets to write in their vernacular languages. |
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Italian poet. Wrote both in Italian (vernacular) & in Latin.
§ In Italian, he wrote beautiful sonnets in honor of mysterious woman-Laura.
§ In classical Latin, he wrote letters to his many influential friends.
o Imitated graceful style of Cicero, ancient Roman senator.
o Strove for classical virtues of simplicity & purity Ù new idea of beauty. |
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Scholars who studied classical texts (Rome & Greece), like Petrarch.
§ Renaissance scholars despised the art & literature of the Middle Ages.
§ All painting, sculpture & architecture carried on traditions of ancient Greece & Rome.
§ Love of classical learning |
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Author the The Courtier which told young people how to become an accomplished person whom everyone would admire.
§ Young men should be well educated in Greek & Latin classics, should be charming & polite, should be able to dance & write poetry, physically graceful & strong.
§ Women were expected to also know the classics, to write well, to paint, to make music, to dance, and to be charming. But they were not expected to seek fame. |
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most honored woman of the Renaissance in northern Italy.
§ Her art collection was famous throughout Europe. She brought many of the greatest Renaissance artists to the court of Mantua (the city-state her husband ruled).
§ Skilled in politics. Defended Mantua when her husband was taken captive in war. |
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City of Flowers. Forefront of artistic developments during the 1400s.
§ Made their wealth through 2 industries: textiles & banking.
o 1300-became the financial center of Europe. |
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Powerful family who came to rule Florence as golden age began.
§ Had made a fortune in trade & banking. |
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Wealthiest man of his time.
§ 1434-won control of gov’t of Florence
§ Virtually dictator of Florence for 30 years-ruled behind the scenes.
§ Took pleasure in beautifying the city he ruled
o Built 1st free public library in western Europe to house 800 classics. |
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Cosimo’s grandson. Lorenzo the Magnificent.
§ Ruled w/ absolute power but kept up appearances of a republican gov’t
§ Continued the tradition of beautifying the city like Cosimo did. |
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Sculptor. Wanted his figures to seem real & alive.
§ Wanted to show strength & grace of human form.
§ “David”-1st European sculptor to make a large, free-standing human figure in the nude.
§ Also famous for his heroic statues of men on horseback. |
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Wrote The Prince. Was bitter about the invasion of Italy by foreigners.
§ Tried to understand why one ruler succeeded while another failed.
§ The Prince-book of advice to rulers. Book about power.
o Prince might have to trick his enemies & his own people for good of state
o Not concerned w/ what was morally right but what was politically effective
§ The end justifies the means
Renaissance spread: Revolution in painting occurring in northern Europe =Northern Renaissance |
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Born in Caprese in 1475. Painter Ù sculptor.
§ “David”: Completed in 1504.
o This heroic statue expresses Renaissance belief in human dignity & greatness
§ Sistine Chapel: Pope asked to paint ceiling-1508.
o Painted more than 300 massive human figures
o Contains 9 paintings illustrating the Creation, story of Adam, story of Noah. |
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1508-started painting the walls of Julius II’s private library.
§ Turned library into a kind of Renaissance hall of fame-fresco-“The School of Athens”
o Includes the greatest figures of both classical & Renaissance times. |
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Scientist & artist. Ideal Renaissance man.
§ Created 2 of the most famous paintings in history:
§ The Last Supper: Leonardo’s fascination w/ human personality.
o Giant fresco painted on wall of monastery in Milan.
o Shows Jesus night before his betrayal. Judas revealed by facial expression.
§ Mona Lisa |
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spread of Renaissance ideas to northern Europe. Spread by:
§ Royal courts
§ The German masters-Durer’s work helped spread Renaissance styles & inspired other German artists.
§ Flanders- Flanders became artistic center of northern Europe. |
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explorers were curious & eager for individual glory. 1400s.
Several factors encouraged & enabled Europeans to discover new routes to Asia:
§ Search for spices & profits
§ Desire to spread Christianity-hoped to reconquer northern Africa from Muslims
§ Ability to use new technology: astrolabe, compass, & caravel. |
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new vessel designed in the 1400s.
§ Triangular sails for tacking into the wind. Square sails for running before the wind.
§ Its carefully designed hull could ride out an ocean storm. |
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Italian sea captain. Founded earliest Spanish settlements-Hispaniola & Cuba
§ Believed Earth was round. Said he could reach riches of Indies by sailing west from Spain
§ Once commission was approved by Isabella & Ferdinand, he commanded 3 ships.
§ Reached & claimed island for Spain = San Salvador.
§ Crossed Atlantic 4 times. Discovered Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela.
§ On 4th & final voyage, he explored the coast of Central America.
§ Importance: Opened a new era in which Europeans rushed to explore the Americas. Helped to propel Spain into the forefront of European exploration, conquest, & settlement. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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from Portugal.
§ Opened a famous center for navigation at the town of Sagres-1420.
§ Helped to launch the Age of Exploration
§ Organized & paid for voyages along the west coast of Africa.
§ Hoped to discover new lands, to find gold, & to locate a legendary Christian kingdom thought to exist somewhere beyond Muslim lands.
§ Helped Portuguese gain control over West African gold trade. |
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Portuguese captain reached southernmost tip of Africa-1488.
§ Cape of Good Hope |
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Captain of the expedition to round Cape of Good Hope & reach India
§ Reached Calicut, India Ù gave Portugal a direct sea route to India. |
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Florentine merchants crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1499 & 1501.
§ In his letters, he described coastline of Brazil. Not Asia, but newly discovered continent.
§ A German used his letters to publish a new map of world w/ great blob of land west of Atlantic Ù labeled America to honor Amerigo Vespucci. |
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1513-Spaniard who slashed through the rain forest of Panama.
§ Found & claimed the entire ocean for Spain. Reached what is now the Pacific Ocean. |
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ordered by Pope Alexander VI to keep peace btwn Spain & Portugal
§ Line drawn from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean to divide the “Indies”
§ All newly discovered lands east of line would be Portugal’s
§ All lands west of line would be Spains’s |
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1520-Reached a strait near the southern tip of South America Ù Strait of Magellan.
§ Explored western coast of South America & headed out into Pacific to find Asia Ù reached Philippines & returned to Portugal. Only 18 men survived.
§ They had sailed around the world. They had proven that the Americas were separate continents that lay thousands of miles from Asia. Most of all, they had learned that the world was much larger than anyone thought |
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| French who went on voyage to search for a new route to the Pacific. Failed, but discovered what is today New York Harbor. |
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Another French explorers-sailed up the St. Lawrence River hoping to found a colony. Found new colony, which he named Quebec Ù became center for thriving fur trade
§ Drew an accurate map of eastern Canada.
§ Cooperated with Native Americans in the fur trade Ù brought new wealth to France
§ Helped found New France along the Mississippi & Great Lakes |
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English merchant who reached Newfoundland & claimed it for England.
§ The first English claim to lands in America. |
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English sea captain hired by Dutch to search for northwest passage.
§ Discovered & sailed up the great river (now named after him).
§ Didn’t find northwest passage. Discovered richest fur-bearing region south of Canada.
§ Started the trade in furs that proved highly profitable for the Dutch. |
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Growth of slave trade was linked to growth of European colonies in Americas
§ In West Africa, powerful kings who ruled forest kingdoms controlled trade w/ Europeans. African rulers refused to allow Europeans to travel inland.
§ The Portuguese traders paid rent to the Africans for small posts near coast.
§ Europeans began gold mines, silver mines, & plantations to raise crops, but were too proud to do the work themselves.
§ After epidemics, not enough Native Americas to do the work Ùlooked to Africans.
§ 1540-about 10,000 Africans each year became slaves in the Americas
§ Slave trade peaked in 1700s. Continued for more than 350 years.
§ At trading stations, African slaves were sold to European sea captains for rum & guns. |
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B/c of Age of Discovery, all continents around Atlantic came in regular contact w/ one another.
§ Before Columbus’s voyages, people in Americas had never seen horses, cows, chickens, pigs, sheep, goats, donkeys, or oxen. Farm animals came to Americas.
§ Spanish colonists brought wide variety of new plants to Americas: wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, oranges, apples, bananas, apricots, peaches, pears, coffee, sugarcane, & olive trees.
§ Plants that Europeans, Asians, & Africans had never used before: corn (maize), tapioca, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, quinine, & cacao (chocolate), etc.
§ The potato (staple of Inca diet)-transported in European ships to Eastern Hemisphere.
§ This revolution in world’s food supply enriched diets of people all over the world |
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