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*leaders who are direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad
*only N African sultanate to remain fully independent after 1700 |
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*leader through previous king's sister
*power w/ the solid economic base
*well trained army |
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*Keita kings controlled the flow of W. African gold
*Agriculture & cattle farming occupations |
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*King of Mali
*brought the Songhai kingdom & Gao region under the control of Mali and the Malinke |
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*became leading intellectual center for sub-saharan Islam (madrasas, libraries)
*major trading city |
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*taken down by Mansa Musa
*by Niger in 11th or 12th century |
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*Sahalian empire in central Sudan
*had a campaign of military expansion during the 13th century |
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*felfects the sophistication of W African culture before 1500
*art is renowned for its enduring beauty |
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*outlet for gold fields of Akan (slavery, caused pop. growth)
*contact w/ Europeans spread Am. crops |
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*rests on a plateau south of Zaire River valley
*kings built central gov based on a pyramid structure of tax collection |
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*Ndongo flourished through Portuguese controlled some parts
*exported slaves |
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| *language & culture that de3veloped from interactions of Africans and Arabs along the East African coast |
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*Spanish and Portuguese term for Muslim
*Portuguese saw as enemies |
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*became a major power in E Africa
*benefited from exporting cloves |
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*capital of Zambezi-Limpopo region
*huge site w/ 2 major buildings
*partially controlled gold trade |
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*built first Cape settlement
*as a resupply point for Dutch vessels on way back & forth b/w Netherlands & E Indies |
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*white livestock farmers in Cape Colony
*developed military techniques |
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*New language from Dutch
*evolved in 17th & 18th century Cape Colony |
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*racist policies from white-dominated regime
*means "apartness" |
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