Term
| why were the new democracies weak? |
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Definition
-many citizens had little experience with representative government
-for generations, kings/ emperors had ruled germany & austria-hungray
-even in france and italy, the large number of political parties made effective government difficult
-some countries had a dozen or more political groups
-in these countries, it was almost impossible for one party to win enough support to govern effectively |
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Term
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Definition
-a temporary alliance of several parties
-was needed to form parliamentary majority
-because the parties disagreed on so many policies, coalitions seldom lasted very long
-france endured 40 changes of government from 1919 to 1939
-it made it hard for democratic countries to develop strong leadership and move toward long-term goals
-in peaceful times, a country could get by with weak leadership
-the weaknesses of a coalition government became a major problem in times of crisis |
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Term
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Definition
-germany's new democratic government
-set up in 1919
-named after the city where the national assembly met
-it had serious weaknesses from the start
-1st, germany lacked a strong democratic tradition
-postwar germany had several major political parties and many minor ones
-worst of all, millions of germans blamed tis government, not thier wartime leaders for the country's defeat and post war humiliation
-this government, after all, had signed the treaty of wersailles |
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Term
| explain the 1923 inflation |
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Definition
-germany just kept on printing money to pay for the war
-after their defeat, the"marks" became worthless
-therefore, the 1923 inflation
-bread cost less than a mark in 1918, 160 marks in 1922, and 200 billion marks by late 1923 |
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Term
| U.S.'s economic weaknesses |
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Definition
3 weaknesses in the us economy caused serious problems
-uneven distribution of wealth
-overproduction by businesses and agriculture
-lessening demand for consumer goods |
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Term
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Definition
w-wall street, in new york city, was the financial capital of the world
-banks and investment companies lined its sidewalks
-middle-income ppl began buying stocks on margin to get i on the boom
-they paid a small perccentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowed the rest from a stockbroker
-was later named "black tuesday" |
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Term
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Definition
unemployment rates began to rise as industrial production, prices, and wages declined
-a long business slump
-touched every corner of the american economy
-in 1923, factory production was cut in half
-9 million ppl lost money in their savings accounts in the stock market when banks had no money to pay them with |
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Term
| why did america's economic problems affect the world? |
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Definition
-american bankers demanded repayment of their overseas loans and american investors withdrew their money from europe
-the american market for european goods dropped sharply as the us congress placed high tariffs on imported goods so that us dollars would stay in the us and support us workers
-this policy backfired
-the government was trying to force americans to buy american goods
-conditions worsened for the us
-countries who depended on exporting goods to the us also suffered
-when the us raised tariffs, it set off a chain reation
-other nations imposed their own higher tariffs
-world trade dropped by 65%
-this contributed further to the economic downturn
-unemployment rates soared |
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Term
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Definition
-a program of reform
-began by franklin d. roosevelt
-large public works projects=jobs for the unemployed
-large amounts of public money was spent on welfare and relief programs
-roosevelt and his advisers believed that government spending would create jobs/start a recovery
-regulations were imposed to reform the stock market and the banking system
-besides these efforts, recovery was slow
-it eventually reformed the american economic system
-roosevelts leadership preserved the country's faith in its democratic political system
-also, it established him as a leader of democracy in a world threatened by ruthless dictators |
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Term
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Definition
-a new militant political movement
-emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader
-they promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore national pride
-their message attrached many people who felt frustrated and angered by the peace treaties that followed WWI and by the great depression |
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Term
| how is fascism different from communism? |
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Definition
-it had no clearly defined theory or program
-most fascists shared several ideas
-they preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one's country
-they believed that nations must struggle--peaceful nations were doomed to be conquered
-they pledged loyalty to an anthoritarian leader who guided the state
-in each nation, they wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies |
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Term
| Benito Mussolini and his rise to power |
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Definition
-he was a newspaper editor and politican
-boldlypromised to rescue italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces
-he vowed to give italy strong leadership
-had founded the fascist party in 1919
-at 1st, he failed to win widespread support
-as economic conditions worsened, however, his popularity rapidly increased
-finally, he publicly critisized italys government
-groups of fascists wearing black shirts attached communists and socialists on the streets
-this campaign of terror weakened his opponents
-because he played on the fear of a workers' revolt, he began to win support from the middle classes, the aristocracy, and industrial leadders
-in oct. 1922, 30,000 fascists marched on rome-demanded that king victor emmanuel III put mussolini in charge of the government
-the king decided that he was the best hope for his dynasty to survive, so he let him form a government
-after widespread violence and a threat of armed uprising, he took power "legally"
-at the time, a foreign diplomat described him as "an actor, a dangerous rascal, and possibly slightly off his head"
-made everyone fascist
-abolished democracy
-outlawed strikes |
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Term
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Definition
-was a little-known political leader whose early life had been marked by disappointment
-dropped out of high school and failed as an artist
-when WWI broke out, he found a new beginning
-he would fight to defend germany and crush its opponents
-he volunteered for the german army and was twice awarded the iron cross, a medal for bravery
-he jioned a tiny right-wing political group
-it chared his belief that germany had to overturn the treaty of versailles and combat communism
-it later named itself the National Socialist German Workers' Party; Nazi for short |
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Term
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Definition
-hitler's political group--the national socialist german workers' party --nazi, formed this
-the political group's policies formed the german brand of fascism
-the party adopted the swastika, or hooked cross, as its symbol
-hitler's success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen "der furher", or the leader of the nazi party
-also set up a private military called the storm troopers or brownshirts |
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Term
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Definition
-means my struggle
-hitler wrote it while in jail
-it set forth his beliefs and his goals for germany
-it became the blueprint, or plan of action, for the nazis
-he asserted that the germans, esp. those who were blond/blue-eyed -- whom he incorrectly called "Aryans"--were a "master race"
-he declared that non-aryan "races"-such as jews, slavs, and gypsies--were inferior or subhuman
-he called the treaty of versailles an outrage and vowed to regain the lands taken from germany |
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Term
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Definition
-living space
-hitler declared that germany was overcrowded and needed more of this (lebensraum)
-he promised to get that space by conquering eastern europe and russia
-after leaving prison in 1924, he revived the nazi party
-most germans ignored him and his angry message until the depression ended the nation's brief postwar recovery
-when american loans stopped, the germany economy collapsed |
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Term
| explain hitler's power and ways he controlled german life |
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Definition
-called for new elections to win parliament majority
-demanded absolute power for years
-made germany a totalitarian state
-had opponents arrested
put germans to work
-turned press, radio, lit, paint, and film into propoganda
-anti-jews
-laws against jews
-killed jews and buildings |
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Term
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Definition
-put the new deal into effect
-Us president in 1932
-the first president after the Great Depression |
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Term
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Definition
-was named chancellor
-president Paul von Hindenburg appointed him
-Hitler came to power legally |
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Term
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Definition
-Hitler turned the press, radio, literature, painting, and film into propaganda tools
-books that did not conform to Nazi beliefs were burned in huge bonfires
-churches were forbidden to criticize the Nazis or the government
-schoolchildren had to join the Hitler youth (for boys) or the League of German Girls |
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Term
| Japanese invasion of Manchuria |
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Definition
-Japanese businesses had invested heavily in china northeast province, Manchuria
-it was an area rich in iron and coal
-in 1931, japans army seized Manchuria, despite objections from the Japanese parliament
-the army set up a puppet government
-easy to take over
-china not as good as Japan |
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Term
| Japanese invasion of china |
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Definition
-a border incident touched off a full-scale war between Japan and china
-on July 7, 1937, the Japanese and Chinese exchanged shots at a railroad bridge near Beijing
-Japan forces swept into northern china
-despite having a million soldiers, China's army led by jiang jieshi was no match for the better equipped and trained Japanese
-northern cities fell to the Japanese in 1937
-Japan killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians in what was called “the rape” of nanjing |
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Term
| Mussolini attacks Ethiopia |
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Definition
-the League of Nation’s failure to stop Japan encouraged
Mussolini to plan aggression of his own
-he dreamed of building a colonial empire in Africa like
that of Britain and France
-he complained that GB and France had left only “a
collection of deserts” from which to choose
-Ethiopia was one of Africa’s four remaining independent
nations
-they had successfully resisted the Italian attempt at
conquest during the 1890s
-Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia in oct.
1935
-the spears and swords of the Ethiopians was no match for
the Italian airplanes, tanks, guns, and poison gas
-Mussolini told a cheering crowd that “Italy has at last her
empire…a fascist empire”
-by giving into Mussolini in Africa, Britain and France
hoped to keep peace in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
-giving in to an aggressor to keep peace
--britain urged this(appeasement) |
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Term
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Definition
-the Rhine land was a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of
the Rhine river
-it formed a buffer zone between Germany and France
-it was also an important industrial area
-the German reoccupation of the Rhineland marked a
turning point in the march toward war |
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Term
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Definition
-Hitler’s growing strength convinced Mussolini that he \
should seek an alliance with Germany
-in oct. 1936, the two dictators reached an agreement that
became known as the Rome-Berlin Axis
-a month later, Germany also made an agreement with
Japan
-Germany, Italy, and Japan came to be called this (the axis
powers) |
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Term
| Francisco Franco and his rise to power |
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Definition
-a general-joined with army leaders that favored a fascist-style
government
-thus began a civil war that dragged on for 3 years
-Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, and airplanes to
help Franco’s forces, which were called the nationalists
-the armed forces of the Republicans, as supporters of
Spain's elected government were known as, received little
help from abroad
-the western democracies remained neutral
-only the soviet union sent equipment and advisers
-an International Brigade of volunteers fought on the
Republican side but had little chance against a professional
army
-early in 1939, Republican resistance collapsed
-Franco became Spain’s fascist dictator |
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Term
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Definition
-the belief that political ties to other countries should be
avoided
-won widespread support with Americans
-they argued that entry into WWI had been a costly error
-were determined to prevent a repeat of this mistake |
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Term
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Definition
-Hitler announced to his advisers his plans to absorb Austria
and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich
-3rd Reich=German empire
-then, the Germans would expand into Poland and Russia |
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Term
| The Munich Conference;and what happened after? |
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Definition
-was held on sep. 20, 1938-the Czechs were not invited
-a meeting between Germany, France, Britain and Italy
-British prime minister Neville chamberlain believed that he
could preserve peace by giving into Hitler’s demand
-the next morning, a tense world learned that the crisis was
over
-Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the
Sudetenland
-in exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia’s
new borders
-6 months later…
-Hitler’s troops took Czechoslovakia
-soon after, Mussolini seized nearby Albania
-then Hitler demanded that Poland return the former
German port of Danzig
-the Poles refused and turned to Britain and France for aid
-both countries said they would guarantee Polish
independence
-but appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation
would risk war |
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Term
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Definition
-was signed on august 23, 1939
-as the axis powers moved unchecked at the end of the
decade, the whole world waited to see what would happen
next
-war appeared inevitable |
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