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| A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function. |
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| A cancerous (Literally "harm-producing") tumor; lacks a distinct border and may metastasize. |
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| A noncancerous (literally "harmless") tumor; has a distinct border and cannot metastasize. |
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| The process by which cells break off a tumor, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body. |
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| A cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells. |
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| A benign brain tumor composed of the cells that constitute the meninges specifically the dura mater and arachnoid membrane. |
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| Cells that originate from transformations of neural stem cells, rapidly proliferate, and give rise to a glioma. |
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| A violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by a seizure. |
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| A seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of the brain. |
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| A seizure that involves most of the brain, as contrasted with a partial seizure, which remains localized. |
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| A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that does not produce loss of consciousness. |
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| A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that produces loss of consciousness. |
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| A generalized, tonic-clonic seizure which results in a convulsion. |
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| A sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus. |
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| The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patient's skeletal muscles are contracted. - Unconscious |
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| The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements. Movements are quick at first and then slow down. |
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| A type of seizure disorder often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered; also called petite mal seizure. |
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| A condition in which a patient undergoes a series of seizures without regaining consciousness. Caused by an excessive release of glutamate. |
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| A cerebrovascular accident caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel. Usually from a malformed blood vessel, blood leaks out and puts pressure on the brain. |
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| A cerebrovascular accident caused by occlusion of a blood vessel and interruption of the blood supply to region of the brain. |
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| A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may occlude. |
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| A piece of matter (such as blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery; in the brain an embolus can lead to a stroke. |
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| A molecule with unpaired elections; acts as a powerful oxidizing agent; toxic to cells. |
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| Process by which the linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque, consisting of deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products. |
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| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) |
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Definition
For of TBI, results in neuordegeneration due to repeated head trauma.
Common in athletes. |
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| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |
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| Inclusive term for a range of neurodevelopmental changes characterized by abnormal facial development and impaired brain development. |
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| A birth defect caused by ingestion of alcohol by a pregnant woman; includes characteristic facial anomalies and faulty brain developmental |
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| A protein that plays a role in brain development; helps to guide the growth of neurons. |
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| A hereditary disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine; the accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a special diet is implemented after birth. |
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| A metabolic disorder in which an infant requires larger - than - normal amounts of pyridoxine (vitamin b6) to avoid neurological symptoms. |
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| An inheritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder; lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste product and swelling of cells in the brain. |
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| A heritable,fatal, metabolic storage disorder; lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste product and swelling of cells in the brain. |
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| A disorder caused by the presnce of an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability and often by physical abnormalities |
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| Transmissible Spongiform Encepalapathy (TSE) |
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| A cantagious brain disease whose degerative process gives the brain a spongelike appearance; caused by accumulation of misfold prion protein. |
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| A protein that can exist in two forms that differ only in their three-dimensional shape; accumulation of misfolded prion protein is responsible for TSE. |
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| A disease that occurs rarely and is not obviously caused by heredity or an infectious agent. |
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| A "killer" that plays a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death. |
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| Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of alpha-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson's disease |
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| A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane where i is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson's disease. |
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| Said of a genetic disorder caused by a dominant mutation that involves a faulty gene that produces a protein with toxic effects. |
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| A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson's disease. |
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| Said of genetic disorder caused by a recessive gene that fails to produce a protein that is necessarily for good health. |
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| An organelle responsible for destroying defective or degraded proteins withing the cell. |
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| A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes. |
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| Internal division of the globus pallidus (GPi) |
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Definition
| A division of the globus pallidus that provides inhibitory input to the motor cortex via the thalamus, sometimes stereotaxically lesioned to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. |
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| Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) |
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Definition
| A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in particular region of the brain and attaching a device that permits the electrical stimulation of that region through the electrodes. |
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An inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the basal ganglia; characterized by progressively more severe uncontrollable jerking movements, writing movements dementia and finally death.
Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen. |
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Definition
A protein that may serve to facilitate the production and transport of brain derived neurotropic factor. Abnormal huntingtin is the cause of Huntongton's Disease.
-Misfolded and forms aggregations that accumulate in the nucleus. |
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| A degenerative disorder that attacks the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons. |
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| Autoimmune demyelinating disease. Sclerotic plaques. |
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| Hard patches of debris left behind the myelin sheath destruction. |
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| A loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal, ability,and judgment; common causes are multiple strokes and Alzheimer's disease. |
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| A degeneration brain disorder of unknown origin; causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death. |
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| An extracellular deposit containing a dense core of B-amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons and dendrites and activated microglia and relative astrocytes. |
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Definition
| A protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients with with Alzheimer's disease. |
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| A dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations a abnormally phosphorylated tau-protein filaments that formerly served as the cell's internal skeleton. |
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| A protein that normally serves as a component of microtubules, which provide the cell's transport mechanism and cytoskeleton. |
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| B-amyloid precursor protein (APP) |
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Definition
| A protein produced and secreted by cells that serves as the precursor for B amyloid protein. |
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Definition
| A class of enzymes that cut the B-amyloid precursor or protein into smaller fragments, including B-amyloid. |
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| Frontotemporal Dimentia (Pick's Disease) |
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Definition
| A mutation of the gene for tau protein causes degeneration of the frontal and temporal cortex, and subsequent dementia. |
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Definition
| A protein produced by a faulty gene that causes B-amyloid precursor protein to be converted to the abnormal short form; may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease. |
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| Infection that invades the entirebrain. |
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Definition
| A glycoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood and plays a role in cellular repair; presence of the E4 allele of the APoE gene increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. |
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Definition
| A form of herpes virus used for anterogradee transneural tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically. "cold sores" |
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| Acute Anterior Polimyelitis |
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Definition
| A viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. "Polio" |
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Definition
| A fatal viral disease that causes brain damage; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. |
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| An inflammation of the meninges; can be caused by viruses or bacteria. |
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