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chapter 15 & 16
innate and adaptive immunity
143
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2015

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Term
first line of defense
Definition
- structures, chemicals, and processes that work together to prevent entry of pathogen
- barriers
-when pierced, broken, or damaged they become portals of entry

* skin, mucous membranes are the first and best defenses.
* mucous membranes are easier to enter than skin because skin has layered,tightly packed cells with a dead layer.

* Lysozymes are present on skin as well

*defacation, urination, peristalsis, blood flow, microbiota, vomitting are all forms of first line of defense also

FIRST LINE IS NON SPECIFIC AND INNATE
Term
is the first line of defense specific or nonspecific
Definition
NON SPECIFIC
Term
which defense is urine, vomitting, defacation, blood flow, peristalsis, microbiota???
Definition
FIRST line
Term
staphylococcus aureus has what that compromises the first line of defense?
Definition
exfoliative toxin
Term
Second line of defense
Definition
1. cells (phagocytes and leukocytes esp)
2. antimicrobial chemicals (complement, interferons)
3. processes (inflammation, fever)
4. contained in or originate in blood

INNATE, NONSPECIFIC
Term
is the second line of defense nonspecific or specific ?
Definition
NON SPECIFIC/ INNATE
Term
what two general cell types are most important in the second line of defense?
Definition
leukocytes
phagocytes
Term
complement, interferon, and other antimicrobial chemicals are an example of which line of defense?
Definition
second
Term
what are the 5 WBC cells of defense
Definition
1. basophils- inflammatory chemicals released
2. eosinophils- worms, allergies (some phago but not imp)
3. neutrophils- phagocytosis
4. lymphocytes- adaptive immunity (involves 3rd line)
5. monocytes- phagocytosis (become macrophage when mature)
Term
a monocyte becomes what when mature
Definition
macrophage
Term
which of the 5 WBCs are involved with adaptive immunity or the 3rd line of defense?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
neutrophils perform what
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
which WBC helps defend against worms and allergies
Definition
eosinophils
Term
which WBC helps promote inflammation?
Definition
basophils
Term
what 4 WBC types are involved in innate immunity?
Definition
1. eosinophil- allergies, worms
2. basophil- inflammation
3. monocyte- phagocytosis
4. neutrophil - phagocytosis
Term
what two WBC are important in phagocytosis?
Definition
monocytes (macrophages when mature) and neutrophils
Term
innate means
Definition
you are born with it and it is fully functional at birth
Term
what is released during inflammation
Definition
prostaglandins, leukotrenes, histamine
Term
what are the three functions of inflammation
Definition
1. vaso dilation resulting in increased blood flow and permeability of vessels (molecules may now leave blood and enter tissue)

2. migration of leukocytes (macrophage and neutrophils) to site

3. tissue repair (phagocytosis occurs)
Term
what are the two types of inflammation
Definition
1. acute- tissue damage, chemicals released, beneficial
2. chronic- very damaging (ex: arthritis)
Term
arthritis is an example of ________ inflammation
Definition
chronic
Term
acute inflammation is ____________ to us
Definition
beneficial
Term
what are the 6 steps of Phagocytosis
Definition
1. phagocyte chemotaxis- movement of phagocytes towards chemicals released due to tissue damage
2. phagocyte adherence- must physically bind to bacteria/pathogen
3. ingestion of target- endocytosis takes place, at end pathogen is inside a PHAGOSOME
4. fusion of lysosome to phagosome (also called maturation)
5. killing of target due to digestive enzymes from lysosome
6. elimination of debris
Term
what is a phagosome
Definition
when a phagocyte ingests a pathogen, the pathogen is taken into the cell and a PHAGOSOME is created where it is stored
Term
when phagocytosis takes place digestive enzymes from _________ are responsible for actually killing the pathogen
Definition
lysosome
Term
a _____________ fuses to a phagosome during the 4th stage go phagocytosis
Definition
lysosome
Term
what are some examples of anti-phagocytic factors that pathogens may posses
Definition
1. capsule (prevents attachment)
2. Leukocydins (kills WBC)
Term
what are some nonspecific chemicals involved in the second line of defense?
Definition
interferon and complement
Term
interferon
Definition
Interferon- protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
*they interfere with viral replication in NEIGHBORING cells
* the infected cell produces a protein that turns on expression of antiviral protein in neighboring cells

STEPS
1. cell virally infected, interferon made
2. shoots out interferon to neighbors, the cell is dead already when virally infected, but it helps out neighbors not infected yet.
Term
interferon is made by who?
to protect who?
Definition
virally infected cells

protects neighboring cells
Term
complement
Definition
complement- set of blood proteins which initially act as opsonins (assist in phagocytosis) and chemotactic factors that indirectly trigger inflammation and fever.
- 9 proteins
-always present in blood, but in an inactive state
- activation occurs by binding of C1 to fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of antibody
- full activation results in the production of a MAC through activation of C9
- end result= lysis of foreign cells (via MAC)
Term
opsonins assis in what

what acts as an opsonin?
Definition
phagocytosis

complement- set of blood proteins
Term
if all 9 complement proteins are activated what happens
Definition
an MAC (membrane attack complex) is formed that drills a hole in pathogens cell membrane
Term
what is the end result of complement?
Definition
lysis of foreign cells via a MAC
Term
how does activation of complement occur
Definition
the binding of C1 to Fc (fragment crystallizable) region of antibody
Term
complement acts as ___________________ initially
Definition
opsonins- they assist in phagocytosis
Term
complement attracts __________, initiates ___________ and __________, and assists in ___________ via ____________
Definition
complement attracts PHAGOCYTES, initiates FEVER and INFLAMMATION, and assists in PHAGOCYTOSIS via OPSONINS
Term
fever
Definition
- occurs when hypothalamus resets to a higher body temp in response to PYROGENS
- higher body temp can control growth of some mesophiles
- may enhance effects of interferon and inflammation and activity of lymphocytes
- enhances beneficial effects of inflammation
- enhances effects of interferons
- inhibits growth of temperature sensitive pathogens
Term
pyrogens
Definition
released and cause fever
Term
fever enhances what
Definition
inflammation, effects of interferons , lymphocyte activity
Term
Third line of defense
Definition
SPECIFIC, ADAPTIVE
- immune response
- results from lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells
- 2 response types:
1. anti body response
2. cell mediated response
- lymphocytes respond to specific antigens through the B- cell receptor and T-cell receptor
- adaptive through immunological memory
Term
how is the third line of defense adaptive?
Definition
through immunological memory
Term
what are the two types of 3rd line defense responses?
Definition
- antibody response
- cell mediated response
Term
what three cell types are involved in 3rd line defenses?
Definition
- lymphocytes, B cells, T cells
Term
adaptive immunity _______ and _______ specific invaders while becoming more _________ in the process
Definition
TARGETS AND DESTROYS
EFFECTIVE
Term
antibody response of adaptive immunity/ 3rd line of defense
Definition
- extracellular pathogens and toxins targeted (bacteria)
Term
cell mediated response of adaptive immunity/ 3rd line of defense
Definition
- intracellular pathogens are targeted (viruses)
Term
is cell mediated response targeting intra or extra cellular pathogen?
Definition
INTRA!
Term
is antibody response targeting intra or extra cellular pathogen?
Definition
EXTRA!
Term
Antigens
Definition
antigen- any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen.

THE PATHOGEN!!!!!!
Term
inflammation causes migration of which leukocytes?
Definition
neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Term
why is complement activation not an effective means of combatting infection from a naked virus?
Definition
the end result of complement activation is the formation of a MAC (membrane attack complex), without an envelope, the MAC has nothing to bind to !!!
Term
what must be present for a MAC to bind
Definition
an envelope
Term
the third line of defense is the result of the actions of what
Definition
lymphocytes, b cells, t cells
Term
lymphocytes response to specific antigens how
Definition
through b- cell receptor and T-cell receptor
Term
exogenous antigens
Definition
EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN- toxins, secretions, components of microbial cell walls, membranes, flagella, pili that is CIRCULATING IN THE BODY
(uses MHC II and helper T cell/ CD4)
EXTRACELLULAR antigen
Term
endogenous antigens
Definition
ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN- pathogens reproduce inside a body's cells and produce this type of antigen. They stimulate a response from the immune system only if they are displayed on the cell membrane. uses MHC I and cytotoxic T cell and CD8
Term
MHC I and CD8 is used when ________ antigens are present
_________ cells are used
Definition
ENDOGENOUS antigens
(intracellular)(from virally infection cell or cancer cell)
cytotoxic T cells
Term
MHC II and CD4 is used when _________ antigens are present
________ cells are used
Definition
EXOGENOUS antigens
(extracellular)
helper T cells
Term
what kind of infection would produce endogenous antigens
Definition
VIRALLY INFECTED CELL
CANCER CELL
Term
what kind of infection would produce exogenous antigens
Definition
it has to be circulating in body, from virus, bacteria, fungi, or toxins
Term
cell mediated response fights mostly against what
Definition
viruses
Term
antibody response fights mostly against
Definition
bacteria
Term
how are antigens presented
Definition
on surface of cell membrane/ cell
Term
draw an endogenous antigen of a virally infected cell
Definition
- show viral antigen on surface being displayed by MHC I
- viral antigen= VAg
- cell will be a nucleated cell such as respiratory cell
Term
all cells have MHC 1 or 2?
Definition
1
Term
only which cells have MHC 2
Definition
dendritic cells or macrophage
Term
draw an exogenous antigen of a cell that has taken in bacteria via phagocytosis
Definition
- bacterial antigen (bAg) presented by MHC II
-show bacteria being phagocytized and broken down debris as circle with leftover antigens in center that are then presented by MHC II
- must be macrophage or dendritic cell
Term
what is a dendritic cell
Definition
a tissue cell that is present in all tissues that are defensive
- phagocytic cell but NOT LEUKOCYtE
Term
an MHC molecule is used for
Definition
presenting an antigen
Term
who responds to the antigens that are presented by MHC molecules?
Definition
white blood cells, specifically T CELLS!!!!!!
Term
t cells respond to what
Definition
antigen presentation
Term
cytotoxic t cells
Definition
- have TCR and CD8 on surface
- CD8 recognizes MHC I
- TCR or t cell receptor recognizes antigen
- directly kills cells expressing endogenous antigen
Term
CD8 recognizes which MHC
Definition
MHC I
Term
cytotoxic t cells kill cells expressing (endogenous or exogenous) antigens ?
Definition
endogenous - virally nucleated infected cell
Term
helper T cells
Definition
- have TCR and CD4 on surface
- target exogenous antigens being expressed
- help regulate activity of Cytotoxic T cells and B cells
- TCR recognizes antigen
- CD4 recognizes MHC II
- results in formation of TH1 and TH2 cells
- 2 types:
1. TH1- assist cytotoxic T cells and regulate and promote innate immunity
2. TH2- assist b cells
Term
helper T cells target cells expressing (endogenous or exogenous) antigens?
Definition
exogenous, phagocytic cell
Term
TH1 helper cells do what
Definition
assist cytotoxic T cells and regulate and promote innate immunity
Term
TH2 helper cells do what
Definition
assist b cells
Term
CD4 recognizes which MHC
Definition
MHC II
Term
regulatory T cells
Definition
- have TCR and CD4 on surface but don't respond like helper T cells
- they repress adaptive immune response and prevent autoimmune disease
Term
what is on surface of regulatory T cells
Definition
TCR and CD$
Term
what represses adaptive immune response preventing autoimmune disease
Definition
- regulatory t cells
Term
MHC II selects ______ cells
Definition
T helper
Term
MHC I selects ______ cells
Definition
T cytotoxic
Term
once T helper cells are selected by MHC II, what happens?
Definition
TH2 and TH1 are made

TH2> B cells> creates memory B cells and plasma cells> plasma B cells produce antibodies (antibody response)

TH1>memory Tc Cells
Active Tc Cells> directly kill target cells (cell mediated)
TH1> memory
Term
TH2 activates what cells
Definition
B cells, memory B cells, plasma cells
Term
TH1 activates what cells
Definition
Active Tc cells
memory Tc cells
Term
when MHC I selected for Cytotoxic T cells what happens next?
Definition
memory Tc cells form
active Tc cells directly kill cells (with performs and granzymes)
Term
B cells
Definition
- achieve antibody response (t cells are cell mediated)
- antigen specific
- doesn't become activated until it interacts with T helper 2 cells
- proliferates and differentiates once activated
- memory B cells gained (adaptive aspect)
- plasma cells produce antibodies
Term
antibody
Definition
-represented as a Y shaped molecule
- 2 antigen binding sites at top of y
- bottom of y is Fc region- receptor protein
- 5 types:
- antibodies binding to antigens result in consequences known as the functions of antibodies including: oxidation (directly kills), neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, or complement activation
Term
cytotoxic t cells produce which response
Definition
cell mediated
Term
when an antibody and antigen interact there are consequences. these are the functions of antibodies... what ar e they
Definition
1. neutralization- when an antibody binds to virus making it so virus cannot bind to its target
2. agglutination- antibodies cause bacterial cells/toxins to clump together
3. opsonization- phagocyte binds to bacterial cell by binding to Fc region of antibody (opsonin facilitates phagocytosis) so this makes phagocytosis easier
4. oxidation- only one that directly kills pathogen, when the antibody binds to bacteria it creates hydrogen peroxide h202 and O3 which kills the cell
5. complement activation- antibody activates C1 and C2 binds to the Fc region of antibody which then activates complement which are a set of blood proteins which result in lysis of foreign cells via a MAC
Term
which antibody function directly kills target
Definition
oxidation
Term
what are perforins and granzymes
Definition
active Tc cells directly kill cells using these

perforin- makes a hole
granzyme- enters and kills cell
Term
explain the importance of helper- t cell activation to the antibody response as well as the cell-mediated response
Definition
1. helper t cells are needed to activate b cells (leading to antibody response)
2. they are also needed to assist in the activation of the cytotoxic t cels (leading to cell mediated response)
Term
explain the importance of lymphocyte differentiation
Definition
differentiation allows for phenotypic differences to occur, changes lead to the formation of plasma cells, active cytotoxic t cells and memory cells. without differentiation cells with these functions would not exist.

* you could not get TH2 and TH1 cells from Thelper cells (th1 activated tc cells, the activated b cells)

*you could not get memory b cells and plasma cells without B cells differentiating

*you could not get active tc cells or memory t c cells if Tc didn't differentiate
Term
exogenous antigen- circulating antigen from viruses, bacteria, fungi, toxins

endogenous- intracellular antigen from virally infected cell or cancerous cell
Definition
exo- MHC II, presented by an APC (professional antigen presenting cell/ macrophage, dendritic cell and B cell)
*the t cell that responds: helper t cell; CD4 interacts with MHCII

endo- MHC I, presented by any nucleated cell
*t cell that responds: cytotoxic t cell (TC); CD8 interacts with MHC I
Term
differentiation is a result of phenotypic differences that occur. how are the active Tc cells phenotypically different than the naive Tc Cells?
Definition
active Tc cells produce performs and granzymes allowing for a different phenotype from the naive cells. the naive cells have the genetic material, but they are not expressing the genes.
Term
5 classes of antibodies that can be produced as a result of antibody response
Definition
-IgG: this is made in the largest quantity in response to exposure to a particular antigen. it can cross the placenta providing passive immunity to newborn

-IgM: this is the first antibody produced following the first exposure to a particular antigen. it is a large antibody possessing ten antigen- binding sites

-IgA: it is known as the secretory antibody remaining at mucosal membranes once produced. it is present in breast milk.

-IgE: its binding to an antigen may result in an allergic response

-IgD: this antibody is only found as the B cell receptor
Term
once antibodies are produced, antigen- antibody binding causes consequences known as the functions of antibodies
Definition
-in most cases antigen-antibody binding facilitates other cells or processes to take action and destroy target
Term
IgG
Definition
antibody made in the largest quantity in response to exposure to a particular antigen. it can cross the placenta providing passive immunity to the newborn
Term
IgM
Definition
this is the first antibody produced following the first exposure to a particular antigen. it is a large antibody possessing ten antigen-binding sites
Term
IgA
Definition
it is known as the secretory antibody remising at mucosal membranes once produced (present in breast milk)
Term
igE
Definition
its binding to an antigen may result in an allergic response
Term
IgD
Definition
this antibody is only found as the B cell receptor
Term
which antibody class is made in largest quantity in response to exposure?
Definition
igg
Term
which antibody class has the capability of crossing the placenta and providing passive immunity
Definition
igg
Term
which antibody is present in breast milk
Definition
igA
Term
which antibody is the result of an allergic response
Definition
IgE
Term
which anybody is found as the B cell receptor
Definition
IgD
Term
which antibody is the first to be produced following the first exposure, and has 10 binding sites
Definition
IgM
Term
why is a lag period present during the primary response between exposure to an antigen and the presence of antibodies?
Definition
a lag period is present because antigen presentation, lymphocyte selection and activation followed by differentiation must take place before any antibodies are produced!!
Term
which antibody is present first in the PRIMARY response?
Definition
igM is present first
Term
at what time point following exposure to antigen is the maximum amount of IgG present in the primary response (first exposure)?
Definition
day 14
Term
which antibody is present first in the secondary response(subsequent exposure)??
Definition
iGG is present first
Term
at what time point following exposure to antigen is the maximum amount of iff present in the secondary response?
Definition
day 3
Term
why is a lag period not seen during the secondary response
Definition
a lag period is not necessary at this point because memory cells do not require presentation, selection, and activation to become plasma cells.
Term
why do we usually not get infected by the same pathogen more than once
Definition
once memory cells have been produces, the secondary response is quicker with more antibodies produced in comparison to the primary response. this more efficient secondary response does not allow the pathogen time to cause infection and disease.
Term
acquired immunities
Definition
as a result of the products of an antibody response, we can acquire different types of immunities.

Is it natural or artificial??
- naturally acquired: exposure through natural means (direct contact with someone infected; IgG crossing the placenta; IgA present in breast milk)

-artificially acquired: exposure due to injection (injection of antibody or antigen)

AND is it active or passive?

-actively acquired: active production of antibodies (exposure to the antigen has triggered an antibody response)

-passively acquired: antibodies are present because they were given (immunotherapy, mom providing antibodies to the fetus of newborn)
Term
examples of naturally acquired immunities
Definition
contact with someone infected; ogg crossing the placenta, IgA present in breast milk
Term
examples of artificially acquired immunities
Definition
injection of antibodies or antigen
Term
examples of actively acquired immunity
Definition
active production of the antibodies due to exposure to the antigen which triggers an antibody response (LEADS TO MEMORY CELLS!!)
Term
examples of passively acquired immunities
Definition
antibodies are present because they are given
(immunotherapy, or mom providing antibodies to fetus or newborn)
Term
which immunity leads to the creation of memory cells
Definition
actively acquired immunities
Term
a pregnant female receives a vaccine within two weeks of giving birth. what type of acquired immunity does she now have?
Definition
artificially active immunity

(its artificial bc of vaccine, active because of memory cells being created due to antibody response)
Term
the antibodies present will cross the placenta and be present in the newborn for a period of time. what type of acquired immunity is this?
Definition
passive natural
(passive, antibodies were given, natural- it came from mother)
Term
you have received a potentially fatal snakebite and need something that will provide immediate protection against the venom present in your body. what do you ask for, active or passive immunity? what is your reasoning

a year later, the same type of venomous snake bites you again. based on your answer above, do you have memory cells present specific to the venom? do you need treatment again>
Definition
passive- because the antibodies are given straight away
if it was active then the antibodies would have to be produced and this would require a delay.

no memory cells are not present because it was not an active immunity. treatment is needed again because the initial treatment was not active
Term
passive immunization
vs
active immunization
Definition
passive results from immunotherapy, or injection of antibodies for the purpose of treating an infection

active immunization results from vaccination where a controlled exposure to an antigen with the purpose of providing future protection from the same antigen. the introduction of the antigen stimulates a primary response producing memory cells. thus any future exposure results in a secondary response.
Term
attenuated vaccine
Definition
made using, whole, living cells or viruses; these pathogens have the ability to reproduce but they have been modified so that they lack virulence
Term
how are the antigens altered in attenuated vaccine
Definition
they are altered so that they do not have virulence
(but they still can replicated and result in memory cells)
Term
inactivated vaccine
Definition
made using whole, but dead, cells or viruses or portions of the cell/virus
Term
which type of vaccine uses dead cells
Definition
inactivated vaccine
Term
toxoid vaccine
Definition
made using a modified toxin
Term
if a baby is born with an acquired immunity, why is vaccination still necessary?
Definition
because the acquired immunity was passive, meaning that there was no memory cells made, the antibodies were given when they crossed the placenta or through breastmilk.

so... we must give a vaccine to allow their immune system to respond and create memory cells.
Term
which vaccine type best mimics a real disease?
Definition
attenuated
Term
one advantage that the inactivated and toxoid vaccines have over the attenuated?
Definition
they are safer because the pathogen is not alive!!
Term
why are multiple exposures to the antigen necessary to achieve and maintain memory for inactivated and toxoid vaccines, whereas one exposure is often sufficient for attenuateD?
Definition
the attenuated vaccine consists of an organism that is able to increase in number in the host. This allows the immune system to respond over time creating a better response. the inactivated and toxoid vaccines introduce only what is present in the injection. multiple exposures (injections) are necessary to introduce enough antigen to get a good immune response.
Term
immunization
Definition
administering vaccines
Term
for toxoid vaccine immune response is against what
Definition
toxins!!!
Term
combination vaccines
Definition
These vaccines combine antigens from several
toxoids and inactivated pathogens that are administered
simultaneously. Examples include MMR—vaccine against
measles, mumps, and rubella—and Pentacel, which is a vaccine
against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
Term
recombinant vaccines
Definition
goal is to improve existing vaccines and develop new vaccines

ex:
produce large quantities of pure bacterial or vial antigen

genetically alter microbe to express antigen of interest and act as a live vaccine
For example, scientists have developed a
recombinant DNA vaccine against a fungus, Blastomyces (blas-to
.
-

.
´se
.
z)—the first vaccine against a fungal pathogen. Scientists
can also use a variety of genetic recombinant techniques to make
improved vaccines. For example, they can selectively delete
virulence genes from a pathogen, producing an irreversibly
attenuated microbe, one that cannot revert to a virulent pathogen
Term
how can vaccines be unsafe
Definition
- mild toxicity leading to pain at injection site
- anaphylactic shock (allergic reaction to vaccine)
- residual virulence
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