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| In the twentieth century, historians began to examine this, which is when human populations are viewed collectively and usually represented in quantitative terms. They asked questions about populations: rise, fall, diseases, wars, famines, farming methods. They look at important statistics of the population- age, gender, class, household size, birth, death, marriage, childbirth rates. |
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| a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited earth |
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| Columbus’ voyages ushered in a new era of interaction between the eastern and western hemispheres. It brought catastrophe to the Amerindians, who had no resistance to the diseases carried by the Europeans. It also brought new opportunities with the intercontinental exchange of plants and animals. From New World to Old World: cassava, white potato, sweet potato, maize. From Old World to New World: wheat, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, dogs. Increased the population of the world dramatically. |
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| labor performed under signed indenture, or contract, which binds the laborer to work for a specific employer for a specified time, usually about seven years, in exchange for transportation and maintenance. Most of the immigrants were from the lower classes, so this was the only way to gain ocean passage. Three-fourths were male, most aged 15-24 and they endured harsh conditions. |
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| a form of forced labour in which people are considered to be the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation (such as wages). |
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| 6. Antipodes (an-TIP-poe-dees) |
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| any place on Earth is the point on the Earth's surface which is diametrically opposite to it. Two points that are antipodal to one another are connected by a straight line running through the centre of the Earth. |
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| 7. James Cook and Joseph Banks |
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In 1768, English Captain that set out on a 3 year voyage, which took him to Tahiti to record astronomical observations; to Australia to determine the nature of the “Southern Continent”; to map New Zealand; and to report on the natural resources. His voyage was made possible by new instrumentation and food supplements to prevent scurvy among the sailors.
Joseph : young amateur botanist who accompanied James Cook on his explorations. Encouraged him to report on the natural resources of all of the lands. Brought back 30,000 specimens representing 3000 species, 1600 of which had never been seen before. In honor of his work, Cook named the principle harbor in Australia, “Botany Bay”. |
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| 8. Aborigines (a-bore-IJ-in-ees) |
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| People who are indigenous to a certain place. |
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| East Polynesian people that settled in New Zealand about 750 C.E., a thousand years before Tasman came. Cook describes them as brave, warlike, and cannibalistic. Population declined with introduction of European diseases and warfare. They probably arrived in southwestern Polynesia in several waves at some time before year 1300,settled and developed a distinct culture. |
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| was a scholar, a philosopher during the Greek Enlightenment, a cartographer and one of the heroes of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. He was born in Milies (Thessalia) in Greece in 1758 and died in 1828. His real name was Anastasios Gazalis. |
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| sect of Islam, but the inner, mystical dimension of Islam.A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ṣūfī though some adherents of the tradition reserve this term only for those practitioners who have attained the goals of the Sufi tradition. Another name used for the Sufi seeker is Dervish. |
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| 12. janissaries (JAN-nih-say-rees) |
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| comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards. The force was created by the Sultan Murad I from male children levied through the devşirme system from conquered countries in the 14th century and was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 with the Auspicious Incident. |
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| 13. Mehmed II the Conqueror |
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| was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire |
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| is the Dutch word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking pastoralists of the eastern Cape frontier |
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| 15. Suleiman I the Magnificent (SOO-lay-man) |
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| was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[1] and in the East, as the Lawmaker for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system |
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| also known as Akbar the Great (November 23, 1542 – October 27, 1605) was the third Mughal Emperor of India/Hindustan. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Humayun, and the grandson of Babur who founded the dynasty. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of Northern India |
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| is the attempt to reconcile disparate or contrary beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. The term literally means "growing together." This may involve attempts to merge and analogise several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, and thus assert an underlying unity allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. |
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| 18. Safavid (SAH-fah-vid) |
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| were one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Ithnāˤashari (Twelver) school of Shi'a Islam |
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| and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India |
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| 20. Shah Isma’il (IS-ma-eel) |
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| was a Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid Empire, which survived until 1736. Shah Ismail started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1502, and had re-unified all of Iran by 1509. He was a Shia Muslim from Ardabil in Northwestern Iran and reigned as Shāh Ismā'il I of Irān from 1502 to 1524. He is revered as a spiritual guide in Alevism, as well as playing a key role in the rise of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam over the formerly dominant Ismaili. Ismail also, is the man who converted Iran from the Sunnī to the Shīʿī sect of Islām. |
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| was Shah (king) of Iran, and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad. |
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| was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in India from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "king of the world." He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young, he was a favourite of Akbar. |
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| 23. Yuan dynasty (YOO-AN) |
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| was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu Kublai Khan had claimed the title of Great Khan |
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| The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, which was itself soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. |
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| also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China. |
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