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| an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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| Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
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| ________ is historical reconstruction |
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| You say aloud whatever comes to your mind, at one moment a childhood memory, at another a dream or recent experience |
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| soon you notice how often you edit your thoughts as you speak, omitting what seems trivial, irrelevant, or shameful |
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| these blocks in the flow of your free associations indicate _________ |
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| in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
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| in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
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| Freud believed that another clue to unconscious conflicts is your dreams’ —their underlying but censored meaning |
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| after inviting you to report a dream, the analyst may offer a __________, suggesting its meaning |
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| in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
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| Traditional psychoanalysis |
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| ___________ takes time, up to several years of several sessions a week, and it is expensive |
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| __________ therapists try to understand a patient’s current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship |
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| ________ therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight |
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| Interpersonal psychotherapy |
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| _______ a brief (12- to 16-session) variation of psychodynamic therapy, has been effective in treating depression |
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| aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance |
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| the psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as _______ |
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| __________ explore feelings as they occur, rather than achieving insights into the childhood origins of the feelings |
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| conscious rather than unconscious thoughts |
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| • taking immediate responsibility for one’s feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants |
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| • promoting growth instead of curing illness. Thus, those in therapy became “clients” rather than “patients” (a change many therapists have since adopted) |
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| a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
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| a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth |
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| empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance |
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| Paraphrase, Invite clarification, Reflect feelings |
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| Proponents of ______, however, doubt the healing power of self-awareness. (You can become aware of why you are highly anxious during exams and still be anxious.) |
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| therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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| a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
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| behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
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| virtual reality exposure therapy |
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| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
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| a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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| A basic concept in ________ is that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences |
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| reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punishing them |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
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| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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| cognitive-behavior therapy |
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| a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
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| therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
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| regression toward the mean |
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| the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. |
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| a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
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| clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
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| the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
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| drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
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| involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors |
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| physically changing the brain’s functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery |
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| drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
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| drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters |
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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| a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
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| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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| the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
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| surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue—is the most drastic and the least-used biomedical intervention for changing behavior |
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| a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain |
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| ____________ therapists do not attempt to explain the origin of problems or to promote self-awareness. Instead, they attempt to modify the problem |
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| aim to change self-defeating thinking by training people to look at themselves in new, more positive ways |
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