Term
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Definition
Reaching a diagnosis
Proposing a probable cause
-Etiology
Making an estimate of the course the problem will take
-Prognosis
Prescribing and carrying out some form of treatment |
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Term
Types of Therapy
Biomedical Therapies (define) |
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Definition
| Attempt to alter brain functioning with chemical or physical interventions |
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Term
Types of Therapy
Psychotherapy (define) |
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Definition
Change faulty behaviors people have
learned
-Words, thoughts, interpretations, and feedback that direct daily strategies for living |
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Term
Types of Therapy
Psychotherapy (4 types) |
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Definition
Psychodynamic
Behavior
Cognitive
Humanistic |
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Term
Therapists
Clinical Social Worker |
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Definition
| Trained to consider social contexts of people’s problems |
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Term
Therapists
Pastoral Counselor |
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Definition
| Member of a religious group who specializes in treatment of psychological disorders |
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Term
Therapists
Clinical Psychologist |
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Definition
| Broader background in psychology, assessment and research |
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Term
Therapists
Counseling Psychologist |
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Definition
| Guidance in many areas, often work in community settings related to the problem areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Have an M.D. degree along with postdoctoral training in mental and emotional disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapist with either an M.D. or a Ph.D. who has completed specialized postdoc training in the Freudian approach |
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Term
Historical Perspectives
Specialized institutions were first created when and where?
What kind of stuff went on at these facilities? |
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Definition
in 14th century western Europe
Mental patients typically chained, tortured, and exhibited to an admission-paying public |
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Term
Historical Perspectives
When did treatment for psychology related stuff actually surface? |
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Definition
| Treatment came around in the 18th century |
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Term
Historical Perspectives
What happened in relation to asylums in the 19th and 20th centuries? |
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Definition
19th and 20th centuries moved the asylums to rural areas to ease the stressors of the city…
Overcrowded and understaffed… |
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Term
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Definition
Practice of moving people from psychiatric hospitals to other venues for treatment
Arose from social forces and advances in treatment
1960s |
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Term
| What is the problem with Deinstitutionalization? |
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Definition
Problem is, sometimes the patients don’t receive care from another venue
Often become homeless! |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Therapies (general characteristic) (1) |
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Definition
| Assume the problems were caused by tension between unconscious impulses and constraints of life situation |
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Term
Psychodynamic Therapies
Psychoanalysis (3 characteristics) |
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Definition
Intensive and prolonged technique for exploring unconscious motives and conflicts
Attempt to reconstruct repressed memories, then work through the painful feelings to an effective resolution
Takes a long time! |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Free Associations |
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Definition
| basically letting the mind wander |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional release, typically the letting out of repressed feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability or unwillingness to discuss certain topics…provides valuable information to the therapist |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Dream Analysis |
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Definition
| examination of the content of dreams to discover underlying or disguised motivations, experiences and desires |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Transference |
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Definition
| identification of the therapist as the person who has been at the center of an emotional conflict |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
When is transference positive? |
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Definition
| when feelings attached are those of love or admiration |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
When is transference negative? |
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Definition
| Negative when feelings consist of hostility or envy |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Countertransference |
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Definition
| when a therapist comes to like or dislike a patient because the patient is perceived as similar to significant people in the therapist’s life |
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Term
| Later Psychodynamic theories focused on (4) |
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Definition
Current social environment
Continuing influence of life experiences
Role of social motivation and interpersonal relations of love
Significance of ego functioning and development of the self-concept |
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Term
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Definition
Attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing the way the client thinks about significant life experiences
Belief is that problems arise because of faulty thinking
-Unreasonable attitudes and expectations
-False premises
-Rigid rules that put behavior on “auto pilot” |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Aaron Beck |
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Definition
Help the client identify faulty thinking and learn more adaptive/realistic ways to formulate experiences
I.E. . Write down negative thoughts about self, figure out why they are unjustified, then come up with more realistic, less destructive thoughts. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Four Tactics |
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Definition
1.Challenging client’s basic assumptions
about functioning
2.Evaluating evidence for and against
the accuracy of automatic thoughts
3.Reattributing blame to situational
factors, rather than internal factors
4.Discuss alternative solutions to complex tasks |
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Term
| Goal of Cognitive Therapy for Depression? |
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Definition
| to break the cycle of negative automatic thoughts! |
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Term
| Who created Rational-Emotive Therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Therapy (Albert Ellis) |
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Definition
Teaches clients how to recognize the “shoulds”, “oughts”, and “musts” that are controlling actions
Aims to increase sense of self-worth by getting rid of faulty beliefs
Confrontational technique |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Combines cognitive emphasis on changing false beliefs with behavioral focus on reinforcement contingencies in modification of performance |
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Term
| Research supports Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for what? (6) |
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Definition
Depression
Panic and anxiety disorders
Eating disorders
Child and adolescent disorders
Substance abuse
Coping with disease/chronic pain |
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Term
| Types of Humanistic Therapy (4) |
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Definition
Existential approaches
Human potential movement
Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)
Gestalt Therapy |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Existential approaches |
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Definition
| Emphasis on people’s ability to meet or be overwhelmed by everyday challenges |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Human potential movement |
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Definition
| Encompasses methods to enhance the potential of the average person toward greater levels of performance and greater richness in experience |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Client-Centered Therapy. Who came up with this? |
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Definition
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
What is the goal of Client-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
| to promote healthy psychological growth in the individual |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Client-Centered Therapy
Begins with what? |
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Definition
assumption that everyone has the tendency to self-actualize
Since believed = Healthy development hindered by faulty learning patterns |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Client-Centered Therapy
Strategy for it? |
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Definition
Recognize, accept, and clarify a
client’s feelings
Utilized:
Unconditional positive regard!
Nondirective and empowering |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Gestalt Therapy
Who came up with it? |
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Definition
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Gestalt Therapy |
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Definition
Focus on ways to unite mind and body to make a person whole
Help clients express pent up feelings and recognize unfinished business from past conflicts |
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Term
Humanistic Therapies
Gestalt Therapy
Empty Chair Technique |
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Definition
| Imagine a feeling, person, object or situation in an empty chair…then talk to “occupant” and work out feelings |
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Term
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Definition
Less expensive to participants
Fewer therapists can help more people
Group is less threatening for those who have problems dealing with authority
Group processes can be used to influence individual maladaptive behavior
Provides a representation of the primary family group |
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Term
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Definition
Can establish a culture in which little progress is made
Members leaving or joining can change effectiveness of group |
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Term
| Group Therapy Premises (2) |
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Definition
Provides an opportunity to learn how one comes across to others
Provides evidence that one’s problem may not be that unique…others are dealing with something similar |
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Term
Group Therapy
Couple Therapy |
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Definition
| Seeks to clarify the typical communication patterns of the partners and then to improve the quality of their interaction |
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Term
Group Therapy
Family therapy (2) |
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Definition
Client is the whole nuclear family: Each member is a member of the system
Helps them to perceive what is creating problems for one or more of them
-Recognize positive and negative aspects of their relationships |
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Term
Group Therapies
Community Support Groups (gives people what?) |
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Definition
| Give people a chance to meet others with the same problems who are surviving and even thriving |
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Term
Group Therapies
Community Support Groups (4 Basic Areas) |
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Definition
Addictive behaviors
Physical and mental disorders
Life transition or other crises
Traumas experienced by friends or families of those with serious problems |
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Term
Group Therapies
Community Support Groups Serves these functions for members (3) |
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Definition
Provide a sense of hope and control
Provide social support for people’s suffering
Provide a forum for dispensing and acquiring information |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology |
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Definition
| The branch of psychology that investigates the effects of drugs on behaviors |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs |
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Definition
Alter symptoms of schizophrenia
Work by reducing the activity of dopamine in the brain
-Early drugs blocked or reduced sensitivity to dopamine receptors
-Major side effect – tardive dyskinesia
Atypical antipsychotics (newer category)
Decreases dopamine activity and increases seretonin activity
More selective, so fewer motor side effects
In general, there are effective drugs, but the side effects are usually so bad patients don’t want to stay on them…
Up to ¾ of patients go off their meds! |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Atypical antipsychotics |
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Definition
newer category
Decreases dopamine activity and increases seretonin actiy
More selective, so fewer motor side effects |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Antipsychotic drugs (effects on patients) |
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Definition
In general, there are effective drugs, but the side effects are usually so bad patients don’t want to stay on them…
-Up to ¾ of patients go off their meds! |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Antidepressant drugs (how do they work?) |
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Definition
Work by increasing the activity of norepinephrine and seretonin
-Tricyclics reduce the uptake (more available for longer)
SSRIs reduce uptake of seretonin
-MAOs limit the action of the substance that breaks down norepi (so more is available) |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Antidepressant drugs (side effects: 6) |
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Definition
nausea
dry mouth
insomnia
nervousness
memory impairments
sexual dysfunction |
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Term
| Good News about Antidepressant drugs and side effects |
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Definition
| New class (SNRIs) may not have as many side effects |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Antianxiety drugs (3) |
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Definition
GAD best treated with benzodiazapine
-Increases activity of GABA
Panic disorders treated with antidepressants
OCD responds well to SSRIs |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Psychosurgery: Prefontal Lobotomy |
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Definition
New personality minus intense emotional arousal
Inability to plan ahead, indifference to opinions of others, childlike actions, intellectual and emotional flatness |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Psychosurgery:
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
The use of electric shock to the brain to treat psychiatric disorders
-75-100 volts applied to temples for 1/10 – 1 second until a convulsion occurs (typically lasts 45-60 sec.)
-Prepared by sedation with short-acting barbiturate and muscle relaxant
Symptoms of depression alleviated in 3-4 days, but used as a last resort
-Unease comes from lack of understanding, and potential side effects |
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Term
Biomedical Therapies
Psychosurgery: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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Definition
| Alternative to ECT…seems to be just as effective, not sure why it works |
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Term
Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness
Does it work? |
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Definition
| Honestly, not always clear… |
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Term
Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness
Spontaneous-remission effect |
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Definition
| Some percentage of individuals recover with no professional intervention |
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Term
Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness
Meta-Analysis |
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Definition
| A statistical technique that allows researchers to summarize results from many experiments |
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Term
| (T/F) We are more concerned now about whether psychotherapy works, instead of why it works and which methods would be more effective |
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Definition
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Term
| What is probably the most effective form of treatment concerning therapies? |
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Definition
| Combinations of therapies! Yay! |
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Term
Prevention Strategies
Primary Prevention |
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Definition
seeks to prevent a condition before it begins
Ex. Providing coping skills |
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Term
Prevention Strategies
Secondary prevention |
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Definition
attempts to limit duration and severity of a disorder once it has begun
Ex. Early identification and treatment |
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Term
Prevention Strategies
Tertiary prevention |
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Definition
limits long-term impact by preventing a relapse
Ex. Keeping schizophrenic patients on their medications |
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