Term
Alcuni plurali irregolari
- The following nouns that refer to parts of the body have irregular plurals:
il braccio le braccia
il dito le dita
il ginocchio le ginocchia
la mano le mani
l'orrechio le orecchie
l'osso le ossa |
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Definition
L'articolo con le parti del corpo
- When talking about parts of the body, the definite article is used, not the possessive adjective.
Metti la mano sulla testa!
- Put your hand on your head! |
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Term
Le espressioni impersonali + l'infinito
- Obligation, necessity, possibility, and probability can be expressed with impersonal expressions.
1. Impersonal expressions are used with an infinitive to make general statements.
Bisogna bere molta acqua.
- It's necessary to drink a lot of water. |
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Definition
Le espressioni impersonali + l'infinito
É meglio evitare il fast-food.
- It's better to avoid fast food.
É difficile seguire una dieta rigida per molto tempo.
- It's difficult to follow a strict diet for a long time. |
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Term
Le espressioni impersonali + l'infinito
2. Impersonal expressions can be made negative by placing non in front of the verb.
Non é necessario eliminare i grassi.
- It's not necessary to eliminate fats.
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Definition
Le espressioni impersonali + l'infinito
Non bisogna fumare.
- One must not smoke.
Non é impossible mangiare in modo corretto.
- It's not impossible to eat correctly. |
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Term
Fare male e farsi male
- Mi fa male la testa/mi fanno male le gambe are used to express the equivalent of the English: My head hurts/my legs hurt.
- This construction, which always takes an indirect object, is similar to that used with the verb piacere.
- The singular form is used with plural parts of the body: A Paolo fa male la testa. Gli fa male la testa. |
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Definition
Fare male e farsi male
- Farsi male is used to express the equivalent of the English expression: to hurt oneself.
- Mi sono fatto/a male al ginocchio is the equivalent of I hurt my knee. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
- In the preceding chapters, you have studied tenses (present, past, imperfect, pluperfect, and future) of the indicative mood.
- The indicative mood is used to state objective facts.
Carlo é ammalato.
- Carlo is sick.
Domani andrá in ospedale.
- Tomorrow he is going to the hospital. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente
- In this chapter, you will study the subjunctive mood.
- The subjunctive mood (il congiuntivo) is used to express actions, states, and conditions that the speaker senses to be subjective or uncertain
É possibile che Carlo sia ammalato.
- It's possible that Carlo is sick.
Credo che domani vada in ospedale.
- I believe that tomorrow he is going to the hospital. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
- The subjunctive is used after expressions of uncertainty, doubt, and personal feelings and attitudes. Compare the following sentences:
Carlo prende due compresse.
- Carlo is taking two tablets.
Bisogna che Carlo prenda due compresse.
- It's necessary that Carlo take two tablets.
É strano che Carlo prenda due compresse.
- It's strange that Carlo is taking two tablets. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente
- In the first previous sentence, the speaker is stating an objective fact, and the indicative mood is used.
- In the other two sentences, the speaker is making subjective statements, indicating what is necessary or strange for Carlo to be doing.
- In these cases, the subjunctive mood is used. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
1. The present subjunctive of regular -are, -ere, and -ire verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding the appropriate subjunctive endings to the verb stem. |
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Definition
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
- Note, on previous card, that the io, tu, lui/lei, and loro forms of the subjunctive are the same as the singular and plural formal imperative forms.
- The noi form is similar to the present indicative, and the voi form ends in -iate for all three conjugations. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente
É importante che tu ti alzi presto.
- It's important that you wake up early.
Pare che voi prendiate troppe medicine.
- It seems that you take too many medicines.
É possibile che loro finiscano per le due.
- It's possible that they will finish by two. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
a. Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h to all forms of the present subjunctive to retain the hard sound of the c and g.
Sembra che voi giochiate troppo.
- It seems that you play too much
É probabile che lui paghi le medicine.
- It's probable that he pays for the medicine. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente
b. Verbs ending in -iare, -ciare, or -giare have only one -i throughout the conjugation.
Pare che Carlo studi troppo.
- It seems that Carlo studies too much.
Sembra che loro non mangino abbastanza.
- It seems that they don't eat enough. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente
2. Since the first three persons of the subjunctive are identical, to avoid ambiguity, subject pronouns are frequently used.
Bisogna che tu pratichi uno sport.
- It's necessary that you play a sport.
É necessario che lui faccia una radiografia.
- It's necessary that he get an x-ray. |
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Definition
Usi del congiuntivo
1. The subjunctive is rarely used by itself; it is almost always used in dependent clauses introduced by che, when the verb or expression in the main clause denotes actions and states that are subjective or uncertain.
É meglio che tu prenda lo sciroppo.
- It's better that you take the syrup.
Spero che Paolo guarisca presto.
- I hope that Paolo recovers quickly. |
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Term
Usi del congiuntivo
2. The subjunctive is frequently used in dependent clauses introduced by the following impersonal expressions and verbs that convey uncertainty or a subjective attitude.
Espressioni impersonali
(non) basta it's (not) enough
(non) é bene it's (not) good
(non) é difficile it's (not) difficult, unlikely
(non) é facile it's (not) easy, likely
(non) é importante it's (not) important
(non) é (im)possibile it's (not) (im)possible |
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Definition
Usi del congiuntivo
Espressioni impersonali continued
(non) é meglio it's (not) better
(non) é probabile it's (not) probable
(non) pare/sembra it (doesn't seem) seems
Desiderio e volontá
(non) desiderare (not) to desire
(non) piacere (not) to like
(non) preferire (not) to prefer
(non) sperare (not) to hope
(non) volere (not) to want |
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Term
Usi del congiuntivo
Opinione, dubbio, e invertezza
(non) credere (not) to believe
(non) dubitare (not) to doubt
(non) pensare (not) to think
Emozioni
(non) avere paura (not) to be afraid
(non) essere contento/a (not) to be happy |
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Definition
Usi del congiuntivo
3. The subjunctive is used only when the subject of the dependent clause is different from the subject of the main clause. When the subject of the two clauses is the same, or there is no specific subject, the infinitive is used. |
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Term
Usi del congiuntivo
Voglio misuarmi la febbre.
- I want to take my temperature.
Voglio che ti misuri la febbre.
- I want you to take your temperature.
Penso di dormire.
- I plan on sleeping. |
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Definition
Usi del congiuntivo
Penso che lui dorma.
- I think he is sleeping.
É meglio riposarsi.
- It's better to rest.
É meglio che loro si riposino.
- It's better that they rest. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente dei verbi irregolari
- Verbs that are irregular in the present indicative are also irregular in the present subjunctive. Here are the present subjunctive forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.
andare: vada, vada, vada, andiamo, andiate, vadano
avere: abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abiate, abbiano
bere: beva, beva, beva, beviamo, beviate, bevano
dare: dia, dia, dia, diamo, diate, diano
dovere: debba, debba, debba, dobbiamo, dobbiate, debbano
essere:sia, sia, sia, siamo, siate, siano |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente dei verbi irregolari
potere: possa, possa, possa, possiamo, possiate, possano
sapere: sappia, sappia, sappia, sappiamo, sappiate, sappiano
stare: stia, stia, stia, stiamo, stiate, stiano
uscire: esca, esca, esca, usciamo, usciate, escano
venire: venga, venga, venga, veniamo, veniate, vengano
volere: voglia, voglia, voglia, voliamo, voliate, vogliano
fare: faccia, faccia, faccia, facciamo, facciate, facciano
piacere: piaccia, piaciano |
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Term
Il congiuntivo presente dei verbi irregolari
- Note that the io, tu, lui/lei, and loro forms of the present subjunctive of irregular verbs are the same as the formal imperative. - The noi form is the same as the present indicative.
- The voi form follows the pattern of regular verbs. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo presente dei verbi irregolari
É possibile che Carlo stia a casa.
- It's possible that Carlo is staying home.
Dubito che vengano domani.
- I doubt they will come tomorrow.
Bisogna che io esca stasera.
- It's necessary that I go out tonight. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo passato
1. You have learned that the subjunctive is used in a dependent clause after verbs and expressions that denote uncertainty, personal preferences, necessity, feelings, or points or view. When the verb of the main clause is in the present tense, the present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause to express actions, conditions, and states in the present or future. The past subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause to express actions that have taken place before the action of the main clause. Compare the following sentences. |
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Definition
Il congiuntivo passato
Penso che le grandi industrie inquinino l'ambiente.
- I believe that large industries pollute the environment.
Penso che le grandi industrie abbiano inquinato l'ambiente.
- I believe that large industries have polluted the environment. |
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Term
Il congiuntivo passato
2. The past subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of avere or essere + the past participle. Verbs that can take a direct object are conjugated with avere. Reflexive verbs and intransitive verbs - verbs that cannot take a direct object - are conjugated with essere. |
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Definition
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