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Chapter 14 Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defense
Chapter 14 Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defense
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Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
04/09/2013

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Term
What are the two overview Defense Mechanisms of the host defense?
Definition
- Innate Nonspecific
- Acquired specific: Third line of Defense
Term
What is Innate, Nonspecific Defenses?
Definition
-Always on Guard
-Do not improve with repeated exposure
-Also involve inflammatory and phagocytic defenses.
- Born with it.
Term
What is the first line of defense of your body? Like a Barries
Definition
- Anatomical (Physical)
- Chemical
- Genetic
Term
What are the anatomical or physical barriers?
Definition
- Thick skin
- Cilia
- Mucus
- Secretions
Term
What are the Nonspecific Chemical Defenses?
Definition
- Sebaceous Secretions
- Lysozyme in tears
- Lactic acid and elctrolyte concentrations of sweat.
- Skin's acidic pH and fatty acid content
- HCI in the stomach
- Degestive juices and bile in the intestine
- Semen- antimicrobial chemical
- Acidic pH in the vagina
Term
What Genetic Differences in Susceptibility?
Definition
- Some host are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts.
- Particularly true of the specificity of viruses.
- Historical importance
Term
What is the second round of innate, nonspecific defense?
Definition
- inflammation
- Interferon (Fights infection)
- Phagocytosis
- Complement
Term
What is the third line of innate, nonspecific defense?
Definition
- Acquired
- Specific
- Antibodies, B cells, T cells
Term
What is Immunology?
Definition
The study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense
Term
What are healthy function immune system is responsible for?
Definition
- Surveillance of the body
- Recognition of foreign material
- Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
Term
What type of sells must distinguish self from non-self cells?
Definition
White Blood cells
Term
How do white blood cells evaluate cells?
Definition
They exam the makers on the other cell surfaces. So are self cells and non-self cells surfaces.
Term
Systems involved in Immune Defenses? (Body Compartments)
Definition
- Reticuloendotheial system (RES)
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Bloodstream
- Lymphatic system
Term
Is Communication between compartment essential?
Definition
YES
Term
What is Reticuloendothelial system tissues like? Also what are examples of these tissues?
Definition
- Like network of connective tissue fibers.
- It provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.
- Examples: Thymus, Lymph nodes, spleen.
Term
What is another name of white blood cells?
Definition
Macrophages. Also act like a police car in the body and tissues
Term
What is the main component of our first line of defense?
A) Phagocytes
B) Antibodies
C) Chemicals
D) Physical Barriers
Definition
D) Physical barriers
Term
What is Lymphatic system?
Definition
Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs.
Term
What does Lymphatic system do or Functions?
Definition
- Transports lymph through a system of vessels and lymph nodes.
- Provide return of extracellualr fluid to the circulatory system proper
- Act as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
- Render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials.
Term
What are axllary lymph nodes act like?
Definition
A club house of white blood cells.
Term
What is Lymphatic fluid?
Definition
Plasma-like liquid formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries. Also Composition parallels that of plasma, but without red blood cells
Term
What is the Lymphatic vessels?
Definition
- Along the lines of blood vessels
- Similar to thin-walled veins
- High numbers in hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast.
- Flow of lymph is in one direction only- form extermities toward the heart
- Lymph is moved through the contraction of skeletal muscles through which the lymphatic ducts wend their way.
Term
What are the Lymphoid organs and tissues?
Definition
- Lymph nodes
- Thymus
- Spleen
Term
What is a lymph Nodes?
Definition
- Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs
- Usually found in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- Major aggregations
Term
What is Major aggregation?
Definition
Axillary nodes, inguinal nodes, cervical nodes.
Term
What is Spleen?
Definition
- Similar to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph.
- Filters pathogens from the blood
- Where old blood cell go.
Term
What is the Thymus?
Definition
- Originates in the embryo
- High rates of activity and growth until puberty
- Shrinks gradually through adulthood
- Thymic hormones help thymocytes develop specificity to be released as mature T cells
Term
Where are T-cells maturation?
Definition
The Thymus
Term
What are Miscellaneous lymphoid Tissue?
Definition
- Tonsils
- Breast of pregnant and lactating women.
- Gul-associated lymphiod tissue(GALT)

- Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
- Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
- Ciculatory system proper
- Lymphatic system
Term
What is Whole blood?
Definition
Blood cells suspended in plasma
Term
What is Serum?
Definition
Plasma without clotting factors
Term
What is Fundamental characteristics of Plasma?
Definition
- Hundreds of different chemicals
- Main component is water (92%)
- Proteins such as albumin and globulins
- Immunochemicals
- Fibrinogen and other clotting factors
- Hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products.
Term
Hematopoesis?
Definition
Production of blood cells
Term
Red blood cells
Definition
Erthrocytes
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Leukocytes
Term
Platelets
Definition
Thrombocytes
Term
What are the two types of Leukocytes?
Definition
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Term
What is a Granulocytes? Also what are the three types of Granulocytes?
Definition
- Large cytoplamic granules, lobed nucleus.
1) Neutrophils
2) Basophils
3) Eosinophils
(Spells out Ben)
Term
What is a Agranulocytes? Also what are the three types of Agranulocytes?
Definition
- Very small granules, rounded nucleus
1) T cells
2) B cells
3) Monocytes
Term
What is Nuetrophil?
Definition
- Nuclei- Horse shoe or polymorphic nuclei
- Most common leukocyte (Most common SGES)
- Present inn high numbers in blood and tissue
- Phagocytizes bacteria
- First to arrive during and immune response(inflammation)
Term
What is Eosinophil?
Definition
- Prenssent in the bone marrow and spleen
- Attach and destroy eukaryotic pathogens
- Associated with inflammation and allergies
Term
What is Basophil?
Definition
- Present in low in number in the body.
- Function is similar to eosinophils
- Localized basophils are called mast cells
- Mast cells important in allergic responses
Term
What are Agranulocytes?
Definition
- Lymphocytes
2nd most common leukocyte
Thirdline of defense
Term
T- Cells?
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Term
B-cells?
Definition
Antibody- mediated immunity
Term
Monocytes?
Definition
Become macrophages
Term
What are Monocyte?
Definition
- Discharged by bone marrow into bloodstream, live as phagocytes for a few days, then diffenetiate into MACROPHAGES, long-lived
Term
What are Monocytes responible for?
Definition
- Many specific and nonspecific phagocytic and killing functions
- Processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes
- Secreting biologically active compounds that assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions.
- Dendritic cells
Term
What is Erythrocytes?
Definition
Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Lose their nucleus just prior to entering circulation
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues
Term
What is Platelets?
Definition
- Formed elements in circulating blood
- Not whole cells
- Function primarily in hemostatsis and in releasing chemicals for blood clottong and inflammation
Term
What would be the effect of lysozyme treatment on Staphylococcus cells?
A) They would starve
B) They would lyse
C) They would grow
D) They would be unaffected
Definition
B) They would Lyse (Found in tears)
Term
What is in the second line of defense?
Definition
- Inflammmation
- Phagocytosis
- Interferon
- Complement
- Relatively nonspecific in their effects, but do communicate with 3rd line of defense.
Term
What is inflammatory response of the body?
Definition
- Reaction of any traumatic event in the tissue
- Classic signs and symptoms
(The five symptoms signs)
- Fifth symptom has been added: loss of function.
Term
What is the classic signs and symptoms of inflammatory response?
Definition
- Rubor (Redness)
- Calor (Warmth)
- Tumor (Swelling)
- Dolor (Pain)
Term
What are the chief functions of inflammation?
Definition
- Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
- Set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
- Destroy Microbes and block their further invasion.
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