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| feeling a structure with the hands, such as taking a pulse |
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| simply looking at the body's appearance |
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| listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds |
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| the examinar taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air. |
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| structure that can be seen with the naked eye |
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| observing tissue samples under a microscope |
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| microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease. |
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| study of the structure and function of individual cells |
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| refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope |
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| the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. |
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| Hippocrates (c.460-c. 375 BCE) |
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| established a code of ethics for physicians |
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| the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. |
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| Aristotle's word for supernatural causes of disease |
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| Aristotle's word for the natural causes of disease. |
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| Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200) |
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| physician to the Roman gladiators. wrote a book that was worshiped for centuries. Told followers to trust their observations, more than any book |
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| Moses ben Maimon or Maimonides (1135-1204) |
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| Jew who wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases |
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| Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037) |
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| Muslim "the Galen of Islam" his book "The Canon of Medicine" became the leading authority in European medical schools for over 500 years. |
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| Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) |
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| taught anatomy in Italy. Broke tradition and did dissections himself. Published the first atlas of anatomy. |
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| William Harvey (1578-1657) and Michael Servetus (1511-53) |
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| first western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body. |
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| Englishman designed scientific instruments and made improvements to the compound microscope. |
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| Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
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| invented a simple (single-lens) microscope. Much greater magnification. Observed pond water, blood cells, sperm and a variety of microorganisms. |
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| Carly Zeiss (1816-88) and Ernst Abbe (1840-1905) |
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| improved the compound microscope by adding the condenser and developing super optics. |
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| Matthias Schleiden (1804-81) and Theodor Schwann (1810-82) |
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| Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells. The first tenet of cell theory. |
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| disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions. |
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| first prescribed by Francis Bacon - process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions for them. |
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| Hypothetico-Deductive Method |
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| An investigation begins by formulating a hypothesis then making a prediction. "If-then..." |
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| if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If you can't prove it wrong, then it is not scientific. |
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| Sample Size, Controls, Psychosomatic effects (placebo), Experimenter bias (double blind), Statistical testing. |
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| a critical evaluation by other experts in the field. |
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| Information that can bee independently verified by any trained person. |
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| a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave |
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| an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. |
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| presented the first well supported theory of evolution. "On the Origin of the Species." |
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| change in genetic composition of a population of organisms. |
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| principal theory of how evolution works. some individuals have hereditary advantages over their competitors that enable them to produce more offspring. They pass these on until the characteristics become more common and brings about genetic change in a population. |
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| Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others. |
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| Features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment. |
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| An animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem. |
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| treetop- greater safety from predators, less competition, and a rich food supply --made the shoulder more mobile and allowed primates to reach out in any direction. Opposable thumbs and stereoscopic eyes. |
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| thumb cross the palm to touch the fingertips. hold and manipulate small objects. make the hands prehensile - grasp branches thumb and fingers form a circle. |
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| standing and walking on two legs. |
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| Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms. |
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| 11 in humans, groups of organs with a unique collective function such as circulation, respiration or digestion. |
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| a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function |
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| mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. - 4 primary classes |
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| smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life. |
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| microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions |
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| components that make up organelles and other cellular components. Composed of at least 2 atoms |
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| the smallest particles with unique chemical abilities |
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| The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components. |
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| complmentary thory that there are "emergent properties"of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts--human beings are more than the sum of their parts. |
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| Organization, Cellular composition, Metabolism, Responsiveness and Movement, Homeostasis, Development, Reproduction, and Evolution. |
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| The sum of all Chemical reactions in a body - anabolism and catabolism |
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| the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body. |
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| changes in the environment |
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| a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), living at a mean ambient temperature of 20 degrees C, engaging in light physical activity, and consuming 2,800 kilocalories per day. |
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| same as the reference man except for a weight of 58 kg(128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 kcal/day. |
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| the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions. |
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| observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when the external conditions vary greatly. |
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| Walter Cannon (1871-1945) |
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| coined the term Homeostasis |
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| the internal state of the body (balanced change) in which there is a certain set point or average value for a given variable. |
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| a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. |
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| The widening of blood vessels. |
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| the narrowing of blood vessels. |
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| a structure that senses a change in the body, such as the stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure. |
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| Integrating (control) center |
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| a mechanism that processes (receptor) information and "makes a decision" about the appropriate response. |
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| The cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action (to maintain homeostasis) |
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| a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. |
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| Terms coined from the names of people |
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| words composed of the first letter, or first few letters of a series of words. |
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