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| a movement to correct problems in the Church. The church split the Church into two groups in western Europe- Catholics and Protestants. In time, Protestants divided into many different churches. |
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| as trade grew, Italian merchants needed to improve the way they did business. They began to use more exact ways of keeping track of business's income and its costs. By subtracting the costs from the income, the merchants determined the profit. |
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| plans the course of a ship by using instruments to find its position. |
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- prince of Portugal in 1400s
- not a navigator
- never sailed on any ships trying to find Asia
- lived at Sagres on the southwestern tip of Portugal-overlooked the Atlantic Ocean
- invited astronomers, mathematicians, mapmakers, and navigators to Sagres and began the school of navigation
- organized and paid for sailing expeditions to explore the Atlantic and west coast of Africa
- hoped to find African gold, to learn more about geography, and to spread Christianity
- his ships traveled farther down African coast than Europeans had ever gone
- named the navigator because he sponsored the voyages
- his voyages began Europe's age of discovery
- eventually the age of discovery led Europeans to the Americas.
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| improved ship with triangular sails as well as square sails. Square sails carried the ship forward when the wind was at its back. Triangular sails allowed the caravel to sail into the wind. The caravel was better than other European ships of the time at this type of sailing. The caravel was developed by the Portuguese under Prince Henry. |
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| Portuguese explorer who in January 1488 reached the southern tip of Africa. After sailing around it, he returned to Portugal at the urging of his crew. Portugal's king named the tip the Cape of Good Hope because he hoped they had found a route to Asia. |
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| when Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa the king of Portugal named it the Cape of Good Hope because he hoped they had found a route to Asia. |
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| ten years after Bartolomeu reached the southern tip of Africa, another portuguese explorer, followed Dias's route around the cape. He continued north along the eastern coast of Africa. Then he sailed east across the indian Ocean to India. At last, someone had found an all-water route from Europe to Asia. |
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| Italian sailor who thought he knew a faster way to Asia. Europeans had know for centuries that the earth is round. Columbus decided that instead of sailing around Africa and then east, he would sail west across the Atlantic. He calculated that it would be a short journey. He made several mistakes. 1st he relied on the writings of two people-Marco Polo and a geographer named Paolo Toscanelli-who were both wrong about the size of Asia. they claimed that Asia stretched farther from west to east than it really did. 2nd he underestimated the distance around the globe. He thought the earth was only 2/3 as large as it actually is. He thought Asia took up most of that distance, therefore he believed the Atlantic Ocean was very small. In 1483, Columbus asked the king of Portugal to finance a voyage across the Atlantic. The king's advisor's opposed the plan. They had a feeling Columbus had miscalculated and they also reminded the king of the progress that Portuguese explorers had made sailing down the coast of Africa looking for a route to Asia. The king was convinced to not finance the voyage. In 1486 Columbus asked Portugal's rival, Spain to finance his voyage. Spain's rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, liked the plan because they wanted a share of the rich Asian trade. And as a strong Catholic, the Queen wanted to spread Christianity. There were however reasons for the leaders of Spain to decline helping Columbus. 1st the royal council had doubts about Columbus's calculations. 2nd the Spanish monarchs were in the middle of a costly war to drive the Muslims out of Spain. 3rd Columbus was asking a high payment for his services- he wanted a high title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and a percentage of any wealth he brought from Asia and to be the ruler of the lands he found. In 1492 the Spanish conquered he last Muslim stronghold in Spain. They still had doubts about financing the voyage so they declined only to change their minds. Columbus assembled 3 ships the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. On August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail. By October 10, the men had lost both courage and confidence in their leader. The men agreed to sail on for three more days and Columbus promised to turn back if they hadn't sighted land by then. Two days later in the early morning hours of October 12, a sailor on the Pinta saw land.He first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador and then landed on an island he named espanola which we call hispaniola today... on these islands lived the Taino people but becuase Columbus thought he had reached India he called them indians. Columbus returned home yet left 39 of his men on Hispaniola. Columbus had angered the Taino people by stealing from them and committing violence. By the time Columbus came back 10 months later the taino had killed his men. in January 1493, he sailed back to Spain. He died in 1506, still believing he had reached Asia and bitter that he had not received the fame or fortune that he deserved. |
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| a period of extreme cold in which glaciers trapped so much water that ocean levels dropped. This period lasted for thousands of years. |
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| a land bridge that joined Asia and North America during the last Ice Age. |
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| items from ancient times that are rediscovered and tested to find out more about the place and time they are from |
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| a way of life that people share, including arts, beliefs, and customs |
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| the practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs. |
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| became an important food source when people in central Mexico learned to grow it. |
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has five features:
- cities that are centers of trade
- specialized jobs for different people
- organized forms of government and religion
- a system of record keeping
- advanced tools
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| a people who thrived for 800 years in a region along the Gulf of Mexico, in an advanced civilization in Mesoamerica that stretched from central Mexico to present day Nicaragua. they built large cities, set up a network of trade routes, and constructed eastern mounds shaped like pyramids. The Olmec people mysteriously vanished in about 400 B.C. by then their culture had spread along trade routes and influenced others. |
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| people who developed a great civilization about 650 years after the Olmec disappeared. Their cities were in southern Mexico and Guatemala, where they built pyramid mounds topped by temples. Scientists think that revolt, disease, or crop failures may have caused their society to fail causing them to abandon most of their cities by 900. |
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| created a flourishing society from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400 in present day Arizona. They dug hundreds of miles of canals to irrigate, or water, their crops, in order to farm the dry land. They also traded with neighboring regions. |
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| a system of canals to water crops |
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| a region that stretches from central Mexico to present day Nicaragua. |
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| they lived in the area where Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico now meet, beginning in about A.D. 100. they were mainly farmers who widely traded. Around 1300 drought or warfare drove the Anasazi from their homes. |
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| lived in what is now the American southwest. They, like their ancestors, the Hohokam and the Anasazi, used irrigation to alter their dry desert land into a farming region. |
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| Native Americans who built large earthen structures as burial mounds and temples. Cultures included the Adena, the Hopewell, and the Mississippians. |
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| they lived in the SouthEast, were farmers, and were neighbors to the Chickasaw. |
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| lived in the SouthEast, were farmers, and were neighbors to the Choctaw. |
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| atmosphere and terrain they lived on. |
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| the use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs. |
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| lived in frozen lands far North. they lived on islands off Alaska. They were hunters because their land was too cold and frozen for farming. |
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| a ceremony where Indians share their gifts with others |
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created a great civilization in what is now central Mexico. 2 things helped them build a strong empire
1. they drained swamps and built an irrigation system. This enabled them to grow plenty of food.
2. they were a warlike people who conquered most of their neighbors.
They had a complex society. rulers were the Highest class. Priests and government workers ranked next. Slaves and servants were at the bottom. They had elaborate religious ceremonies linked to their calendar and their study of the sun, moon, and stars. |
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| capital of the Aztechs great civilization |
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1. chopped down trees
2. burned trees on a plot of land
3. The ashes from the fire enriched the soil |
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| peace-speaking man. He gave advice to 5 northern Iroquois nations. The nations stopped warring with each other and formed an alliance. the alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca was the Iroquois Leage. |
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| the alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca led by Daganwida- a peace-making man. |
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| the world's second largest continent. it's home to a variety of land forms and climates. Dense rain forests stretch along the equator in central and western Africa. North and south of the rain forests are broad savannas, or flat grasslands. Beyond the savannas to the north and south are miles of dessert. |
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| divides northern and southern hemispheres of the world |
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large desert bordered by West Africa. By A.D. 500 camel caravans led by eager merchants made regular journey across this dessert that covered a large portion of North Africa. These journeys helped West African Kingdoms grow wealthy. |
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| first West African kingdom to grow rich through trade. From 700s- mid 1000s, became a market place for traders going north and south in search of gold and salt. Ghana's king benefited from this trade. He imposed taxes on all gold and salt passing through his kingdom. he then used the resulting wealth to pay for an army and build an empire. |
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| important because it helps the human body retain water in hot weather. Traders carried salt from Saharan salt mines in the north. In Ghana's markets, they met other traders offering gold from the forest of West Africa. |
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| followers of the religion of Islam. islam was founded by the prophet Muhammed in the 600s. They believe in one god, Allah. They pray 5 times a day. They make a visit to the holy city of Mecca in Arabia. They tried to convert Ghana's people to Islam and to control Ghana's gold trade. Their armies started invading Ghana's frontier region in 1706 and Ghana's empire weakened. |
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| Prophet that the Islam was founded by in the 600s |
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| a religion which teaches to believe in one god, Allah. Followers are called Muslims. the religion teaches to pray 5 times a day facing the holy city of Mecca and to try to complete at least one pigramage. It was founded in the 600s by the prophet of Muhammed. |
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| place of worship for the religion of Islam |
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| a west African kingdom who had, by the 1200s, taken over most of Ghana's territory. It's wealth came from the control of gold and salt trade. By 1312 Mali had become one of the largest empires in the world. During this time its leader was Mansa Musa. In 1337 when Mansa Musa died, Mali slowly weakend. |
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| a devout Muslim who ruled Mali in its peak of power. when he died in 1337, Mali slowly weakened. |
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| the holy land of the Muslims |
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| famous for trade and as a center of Islamic learning |
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| people living near Niger River who broke free from Mali's control when Mansa Musa died. In 1464, under the leader Sunni Ali, they created their own empire. Sunni Ali was a Muslim, but he also practiced the traditional Songhai religion. When he died in 1492. |
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| as the leader of the Songhai people, in 1464, he helped create the Songhai their own empire. he was a Muslim, but he also practiced the traditional Songhai religion. He died in 1492. |
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| rose to power of the Songhai empire after Sunni Ali's death in 1492. A devoted Muslim, Muhammed ably governed the empire for 35 years. He chose officials who made the government run smoothly. he also expanded his wealth to build mosques and support Muslim scholars. After his reign, several weak rulers succeeded him. Eventually, the empire collapsed. |
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| a small city-state that arose after A.D. 1000 in what is now Nigeria. |
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| a small city-state people who lived in the forests southwest of the Niger River |
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| a kingdom that emerged in the river's delta region, near a crossroad of trade routes. |
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| period from late 400s, when the Western roman Empire collapsed, to about the 1300s. It was a time of great social and political instability and warfare. |
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| a political system in which a king allows nobles, or lords to use lands that belong to him. In return, the lords owe the king military service and protection for the people living on the land. |
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| a system in which lords divided their lands into manors, or large estates, that were farmed mostly by serfs. |
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| landless peasants who were not allowed to leave the manor. In return for the serf's work, the lord promised to protect them. |
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| Domonant church in Europe. Symbol of Christianity |
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| boot shaped country who helped Muslims block Portugeuse from reaching Asia by the Medditerranean Sea |
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| biblical region of Palestine in soutwest Asia. taken over by Muslims leading to the Crusades. |
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| a series of wars to capture the Holy Land from the muslims. They failed to keep Holy Land. Canged European life. During these fighting years, Europeans encountered a variety of Asian goods. |
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| wrote of travels to Asia and lead explorers to Asia |
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| a time of increased interest in art and learning. It's a French term meaning "rebirth." Lasting from the 1300s to 1600, the Renaissance spread from Italy throughout Europe |
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| in about 1455, a German named Johannes Guttenberg. invented the printing press. This invention prompted an increase in book printing and helped spread Renaissance ideas more quickly. |
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| invented the printing press in about 1455. Was a German Man |
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| A German monk, publicly posted 95 statements that criticized a number of church practices. This happened in 1517 |
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| a movement to correct problems in the Church. Split the Church into two groups in Western Europe- Catholics and Protestants. In time, Protestants divided into many different churches. |
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