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| the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye |
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| all structures in a region are studied in a group |
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| all the organs with related functions are studied together |
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| the study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body |
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| microscopic anatomy or histology |
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| the study of structures so small they can be seen only with a microscope |
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| traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan |
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| the study of how body structures form and develop before birth |
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| deals with structural changes caused by disease |
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| the study of internal body structures by means of X-ray studies and other imaging techniques |
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| 6 levels of structural complexity |
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| 1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organismal level |
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| functional subunits of the cell |
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| 4 tissues that make up all the organs |
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| epithelium-covers body surface and line the cavities; connective tissue-supports the body and protects the organs, muscle tissue-provides movement, nervous tissue-provides fast internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses. |
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| external covering = skin, nails, hair |
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| bones and joints. protects and supports. blood cells. framework for muscles, stores minerals |
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| fast-acting control system of the body responds to changes by activating muscles and glands. Brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord |
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| glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use |
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| blood vessels transport blood, which carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. the heart pumps blood |
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| lymphatic System/Immunity |
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| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessles and returns it to blood disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances with in a body. |
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| keeps blood supplied with oxygen. removes carbon dioxide. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus |
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| breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces |
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| eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. |
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| prostrate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens . |
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| female reproductive system |
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| mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube |
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| a millionth of a meter. human cells average 10 micrometers |
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| anterior(ventral)/posterior(dorsal) |
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| transverse=horizontal plane, frontal=vertical dividing front from back, sagittal vertical dividing right from left (midsagittal=median) if the sagittal plane is offset from the mid plane they are parasagittal |
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| human body plan: all vertebrates share these characteristics |
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| bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches |
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| cranial cavity (enclose the brain), vertebral cavity (enclose the spinal cord) |
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| contains visceral organs = lungs, heart, intestines, kidneys etc. 2 parts= a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity. |
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| 3 parts: 2 lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity and a central band of organs called the mediastinum |
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| the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity. it also houses other major thoracic organs=esophagus and trachea |
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| 2 parts: superior=abdominal cavity(liver, stomach, kidneys, etc.) and inferior=pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive, rectum) Most organs in the adominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity |
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| pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal |
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| the outer wall of the cavity |
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| lies between the parietal and visceral serosa |
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| type of stain used for electron microscopy |
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| scanning electron microscopy |
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| 3D picture of whole unsectioned surfaces |
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| minor distortions caused by the preparation of tissue for microscopy |
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| the fluorescent screen x-rays can be viewed on as image is generated allowing for movement |
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| the technique of using x-ray cinema film |
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| fluid used to fill organs for viewing. heavy elements such as barium are used to absorb more of the x-rays. |
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computed tomography (ct)
computed axial tomography |
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Definition
| ct or cat. the recorder rotates around the body in the tube producing an computer enhanced image of a transverse body plane |
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| dynamic spatial reconstruction |
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| during this process several ct sections are assembled into 3d images which can be rotated an seen from every angle. movements can be scrutinized at normal speed or slow motion or at a specific moment. |
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| used to diagnose a stroke (a blocking or cutting off of the blood flowing to the brain) Xenon is an inert gas that the patient breathes. it enters the blood stream and if is absent from part of the brain that indicates a stroke has occurred. |
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| digital subtraction angiography imaging |
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| provides unobstructed view of smaller arteries. |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body |
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| sonography or ultrasound imaging |
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| the body is probed with pulses of high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves that reflect off the bodies tissues. a computer analyzes the echoes to construct sectional images. |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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| produces high contrast images of soft tissue. detects levels of hydrogen in the body (common in water) and can distinguish between types of tissues due to their varying amounts of water. |
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| measures blood oxygen. good for studying brain function |
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| magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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| maps the body distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how diseases change body chemistry |
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