During the mid-18th Century, European “reformers” recognized the cruelty of many criminal punishments and conditions of confinement. Principles derived from these “reformers” merged into what became the first body of ideas, before modern times that was coherently formulated to bring about changes in criminal law and procedure. These became known as the “Classical School of Criminology.” Created by Quakers and Christians. They had the idea that deal with convicts you punish them, isolate them, let them think of their wrongdoing, then put them to work, hard labor. The “Classical School of Criminology” made the following contributions:

~It made the “law” impartial.

~It reduced the “harshness” of punishment.

 ~It replaced the arbitrary powers of judges with a specific range of criminal sanctions.

People choose actions that give them “Pleasure” and avoid those that give “Pain.” Punishment, therefore, should result in more “pain” than the “pleasure” received from the unlawful, or forbidden act. 

America's first penitentiary. A correctional structure that was built to alleviate much of the overcrowding at the High Street Jail. It was both a Prison and a Workhouse. They were outside construction buildings similar to old Jailhouses in Western Hollywoodmovies. The most “serious” offenders were kept in 6’ x 8’ “Isolation Cells” away from the general population of prisoners, and were feed a “special diet.”

A prison system whereby each inmate is kept in solitary confinement in an isolated cell for the purpose of eliminating evil association in congregate quarters. Convicts in isolation could contemplate the evils of their past life and resolve to reform.

A prison system whereby inmates experience confinement under a rigid rule of absolute silence, at all times. The first Silent System prison was Auburn Prison, In New York State.

A form of prison industry in which the labor of inmates is leased to an outside contractor, who furnishes the machinery and the raw materials, and he supervises the work.

a correctional institution maintained by the federal and state governments for the confinement of convicted felons.

is a local facility for the temporary detention of defendants awaiting trial or disposition on federal or state charges and of convicted offenders who been sentenced to short-term imprisonment for minor offenses.

1870 to 1919, a "Treatment" approach to dealing with corrections developed in this country. Some of the individuals responsible for the Reformatory Era were: Captain Alexader Maconochie, Sir Walter Crofton, Zebulan Broackway.

The Auburnmodel became the major pattern of prison administration for the rest on the nineteenth century. Most institutions began to become over crowded and the Industrial Revolution had arrived and factory workshop production had been introduced to exploit cheap inmate labor and make penitentiaries self-sustaining. Production became the paramount goal of prisons.

allows private businesses to provide the raw materials from which inmates manufacture goods. Prisoners are supervised by prison guards. The Private Contractor furnishes: Raw material and receives the finished product, Contractor pays the prison a specified amount for each unit produced. Prisoners were exploited, overworked, and abused.

Inmates are leased to private contractors who are then responsible for transportation, supervision, discipline, and all other custodial concerns. Private Contractors assume “complete control” over prisoners, including “discipline.”

where the inmate could earn early release by hard work and good behavior

Had four stages of treatment:

1. Solitary Confinement at monotonous work for 2 years

2. Labor with other prisoners under a "Mark System"

3. Work at jobs outside the prison

 4. Conditional Release under a Ticket of Leave

An Italian economist and jurist (versed in the law). Proposed new concepts in the administration of justice. He wrote, “An Essay on Crimes and Punishments.” He condemned capital punishment and torture. He suggested that the law should be specific. He advocated the “Prevention of Crime” and “rigid rules of criminal procedure.”

a religious reformer and the founder ofPennsylvaniainitiated the American Prison System. His contributions were:

~Limited the death penalty to cases of murder

~Established fines and imprisonment as punishment for most offenses

~Urged flogging for adultery, arson and rape (instead of death

 ~Influenced the construction of county jails, which were designed to be workhouses for convicted felons.

In Ireland, Sir Walter Crofton took the ideas of Captain Maconochie and implemented the “Irish System”: Crofton called this system his “Indeterminate System,” or “Irish System” that called for four stages of “Treatment".

1. Solitary Confinement at monotonous work for 2 years

2. Labor with other prisoners under a “Mark” system\

3. Work at jobs outside the prison

4. “Conditional Release” under a “Ticket-of-Leave.”