Term
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Definition
| the branch of biology that focuses on the inheritance of traits. |
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Term
| The chromosome theory of inheritance proposes? |
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Definition
| that meiosis causes the patterns of inhearitance that mendel observed. |
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| Mendel was interested in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Is any characteristic of an individual |
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Term
| What were mendels two hypothesis? |
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Definition
blending inheritance
inheritance of acquire characteristics |
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Term
| What is the theory of blending inheritance? |
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Definition
Parental traits blend
Such that their offspring have intermediate traits |
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Term
| What is Inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
Parental traits are modified
Then passed on to their offspring |
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Term
| Which organism did mendel study? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did mendel choose the common garden pea? |
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Definition
It is easy to grow
Its reproductive cycle is short
It produces large numbers of seeds
Its matings are easy to control
Its traits are easily recognizable |
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Term
| The process that peas normally pollinate themselves |
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Definition
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Term
| How were mendel's peas pollinated? |
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Definition
| he interrupted self fertilization and used the pollen to manually fertilize |
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Term
| When mendel used the pollen of one plant to fertilize another plant he was performing? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many easily recognizable traits did mendel's peas have? |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual’s observable features comprise its? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many phenotypes did Mendel's peas have per trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of offspring do mated pure lines produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| When two different pure lines are mated what kind of offspring are produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the parental generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the F1 generation? |
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Definition
| the result of two pure lines crossing to create a first generation hybrid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| At first, mendel crossed plants with how many differing traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Mendel crossed plants with round seeds and plants with wrinkled seeds what happened? |
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Definition
| All of the F1 offspring had round seeds |
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Term
| When Mendel crossed plants with round seeds and plants with wrinkled seeds and all of the F1 offspring had round seeds what theory did this result disprove? |
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Definition
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Term
| When mendel allowed his F1 generation of peas to mate with one another what was the result in the F2 generation? |
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Definition
| The wrinkled seed trait reappeared |
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Term
| What did mendel call the The genetic determinant for wrinkled seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did mendel call the The determinant for round seeds |
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Definition
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Term
| In the F2 generation of mendel's peas what was the ratio of dominant to recessive expressing plants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary factor that influences a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular form of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a listing of all alleles in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| and individuals observable traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two of the same allele |
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Term
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Definition
| an allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous form. |
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Term
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Definition
| an allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous form. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cross where phenotypes male and female are reversed compared with prior cross |
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Term
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Definition
| a test between a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a gene located on the X chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a gene on the y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a gene located on any non-sex chromosome (an autosome) or a trait determined by an autosomal gene. |
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Term
| What procedure did Mendel use to determine if gender influenced inheritance? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the results of the reciprocal cross were identical it determined that? |
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Definition
| it does not matter whether the genetic determinants are located in the male or female parent |
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Term
| What is the theory of particulate inheritance? |
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Definition
| Suggests that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation |
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Term
| What theories does the particulate inheritance theory directly contradict? |
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Definition
The blending of inheritance
The inheritance of acquired characteristics hypotheses |
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Term
| What is the principle of segregation? |
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Definition
The two members of each gene pair must segregate
They separate into different gamete cells
During the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents |
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Term
| what is Mendel’s genetic model? |
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Definition
Is a set of hypotheses that explain how a particular trait is inherited
Explains the results of these crosses |
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Term
| What is a punnett square used for? |
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Definition
| Is now used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring from a cross |
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Term
| What is a dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
| Matings between parents that are both heterozygous for two traits |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the dihybrid crosses? |
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Definition
| To determine whether the principle of segregation holds true if parents differ in more than one trait |
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Term
| What is independent assortment? |
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Definition
| Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of each other |
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Term
| What is Dependent assortment? |
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Definition
| The transmission of one allele depends on the transmission of another |
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Term
| Which assortment theory did mendel's results support? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principle of independent assortment? |
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Definition
| Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another |
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Term
| What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? |
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Definition
| chromosomes are composed of Mendel’s hereditary determinants what we now call genes |
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Term
| Who worked with fruit flies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was thomas hunt morgans first goal? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The most common phenotype for each trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenotypes that differed from the wild type resulted from a change in a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with traits attributable to mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| genes located on a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Two genes found on same chromosome |
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Term
| define incomplete dominance |
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Definition
| heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygotes have phenotype of both alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| in a population, more than two alleles present at a locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| in a population, more than two phenotypes associated with a single gene are present |
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Term
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Definition
| a single gene affects many traits |
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Term
| define gene by gene interaction |
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Definition
| in discrete traits, the phenotype associated with an allele depends on which alleles are present at another gene. |
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Term
| define gene by environment interaction |
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Definition
| phenotype influence by environment experienced by individual. |
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Term
| define polygenic inheritance of quantitative traits |
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Definition
| many genes are involved in specifying traits that exhibit continuous variation. |
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Term
| In morgan's fruit fly experiment what was the wild type? |
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Definition
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Term
| In morgan's fruit fly experiment what was the mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| When morgan mated a wild-type female fly with a mutant male fly what was the F1 result? |
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Definition
| All of the F1 progeny had red eyes |
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Term
| When Morgan did the reciprocal cross what happened to the F1 generation? |
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Definition
The F1 females had red eyes
But the F1 males had white eyes |
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Term
| The experiments by morgan suggest a relationship between |
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Definition
| The sex of the progeny the inheritance of eye color in Drosophila |
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Term
| Who analyzed beetle karyotypes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Nettie Stevens analyzed beetle karyotypes what did she find? |
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Definition
Females’ diploid cells contain 20 large chromosomes
Males’ diploid cells have 19 large and 1 small (Y) chromosomes
Y chromosomes pair with the large X chromosome during meiosis I |
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Term
| What are the letters used to describe the sex chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In beetles and humans describe the sex chromosomes of males and females |
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Definition
Females have two X chromosomes
Males have an X and Y |
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Term
| Do all animals have the same chromosome structure as humans? (XX)(XY) |
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Definition
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Term
| Put together his experimental results with Stevens’ observations on sex chromosomes and proposed what? |
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Definition
| that the gene for white eye color in fruit flies is located on the X chromosome Said the Y chromosome does not carry an allele of this gene |
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Term
| What was morgan's hypothesis called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Sex linked inheritance |
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Definition
| The various inheritance patterns that can occur when genes are carried on the sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Genes on autosomes are said to show? |
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Definition
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Term
| The discovery of X-linked inheritance convinced most biologists that? |
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Definition
| The chromosome theory of inheritance was correct |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical association of two or more genes found on the same chromosome |
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Term
| What should violate the principle of independent assortment |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Are predicted to always be transmitted together during gamete formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Morgan refer to these flies as recombinant? |
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Definition
| The combination of alleles on their X chromosome was different and From the combinations of alleles present in the parental generation |
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Term
| Morgan proposed that gametes with new, recombinant genotypes were generated when? |
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Definition
When crossing over occurred
During prophase of meiosis I in the females |
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Term
| Linked genes are inherited together unless ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What takes place when crossing over occurs? |
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Definition
| Genetic recombination occurs |
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Term
| Percentage of recombinant offspring can be used to estimate what? |
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Definition
the location of genes
Relative to one another
On the same chromosome |
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Term
| Frequency of crossing over can be used to create what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a particular chromosome |
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Term
Morgan proposed that genes are
More likely to cross over when? |
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Definition
they are far apart from each other
Than when they are close together |
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Term
Some genes influence many traits
These genes are said to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of pleiotropy in humans is? |
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Definition
| The gene responsible for Marfan syndrome |
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Term
| Individuals with Marfan syndrome exhibit a wide array of phenotypic effects, including? |
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Definition
Increased height and limb length
Potentially severe heart problems |
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Term
| Mendel worked with what kind of traits? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that are qualitatively different |
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Term
| Traits that are not discrete but fall into a continuum are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nilsson-Ehle proposed that many genes each contribute what? |
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Definition
| a small amount to the value of a quantitative trait |
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Term
| Transmission of quantitative traits results from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Family trees are used to analyze human crosses that already exist
Because experimental crosses cannot be done in humans |
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Term
| Pedigrees record what information? |
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Definition
| The genetic relationships among the individuals in a family each person’s sex phenotype for the trait being studied |
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Term
| If a given trait is due to a single gene, the pedigree may reveal what? |
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Definition
The trait is due to a dominant or recessive allele
The gene responsible is on a sex chromosome or an autosome |
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Term
| When a phenotype is due to an autosomal recessive allele individuals with the trait must be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unaffected parents of an affected individual are likely to be heterozygous? |
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Definition
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Term
| Without exhibiting the phenotypeA recessive phenotype shows up in offspring only when? |
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Definition
Both parents have that recessive allele
They pass it on to their offspring |
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Term
| is an example of an autosomal recessive trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| Autosomal dominant traits are expressed in any individual with? |
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Definition
| at least one dominant allele |
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Term
| Individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the trait will display what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a trait appears equally often in males and females it is likely to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| If males are much more likely to have the trait it is usually ? linked. |
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Definition
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Term
| X-linked recessive traits usually skip generations in a? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of x-linked recessive traits? |
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Definition
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