Term
| What are the major functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
-Excretory
-Regulatory
-Metabolic
-Miscellaneous(Gluconeogenesis & Production of hormones/enzymes) |
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Term
| Specific examples of excretory |
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Definition
| Excrete metabolic waste products into the urine as fast as they are produced and removal of foreign chemicals. |
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Term
| Specific examples of regulatory |
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Definition
| Regulate pH balance, water concentration, inorganic ion balance, RBC production, blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| During prolonged fasting, kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors and release it into the blood. |
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Term
| Specific examples of production of hormones/enzymes |
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Definition
| Erythropoietin controls erythrocyte production, renin (enzyme that controls formation angiotensin and influence blood pressure and sodium balance), vitamin D (calcium balance) |
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Term
| Glomerulus/Bowman's space in Bowman's capsule |
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Definition
| Forms ultrafiltrate of plasma and controlled by starlings forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulk reabsorption of solutes and water, secretion of solutes (except potassium) and organic acids & bases. Controlled by active transport of solute with passive water reabsorption and parathyroid hormones inhibit phosphate reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates conditions for absorption of water. Establishes medullary osmotic gradient (juxtamedullary nephrons). Secretion of urea. |
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Term
| Descending limb (Loop of Henle) |
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Definition
| Bulk reabsorption of water controlled by passive water reabsorption. |
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Term
| Ascending limb (Loop of Henle) |
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Definition
| Reabsorption of NaCl. Controlled by active transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine-tuning of reabsorption/secretion of small quantity of solute remaining, controlled by aldosterone (sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion) and by parathyroid hormone (calcium reabsorption) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine tuning of water reabsorption, reabsorption of urea, controlled by vasopressin increasing passive reabsorption of water |
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Term
| What substances are produced by the kidney? |
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Definition
| Hormones and enzymes such as erythropoietin, 1 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and renin |
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Term
| What are the hormonal controls on renal activity? |
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Definition
| Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin which is converted to angiotensin II which increases plasma aldosterone and causes retention of salt and water. |
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Term
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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Definition
| Volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule per unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of any substance filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of plasma from which a solute must be completely removed to supply what is being lost in the urine per unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximal amount of solute that can be reabsorbed per unit of time. At tm, transport process becomes saturated. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elimination of a substance from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elaboration and release of organic molecules, ions, and water by cells in response to specific stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount retaken up and not sent to urinary tubule for excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum plasma concentration of solute which exceeded the transport maximum for the reabsorption of that solute. |
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Term
| What is required of a solute employed to measure GFR? |
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Definition
| Can't be protein bound, Need it to be permeable, Has to be filtered (but not reabsorbed, secreted, or metabolized). Creatine is used to appx. the GFR but undergoes a small amount of secretion so is not ideal. |
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Term
| How can it be determined if a solute undergoes tubular reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Difference between the amount entered and amount excreted |
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Term
| How can it be determined if a solute undergoes tubular excretion? |
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Definition
| If you know GFR and know how much enters Bowman's capsule you can measure the amount excreted from urine. |
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Term
| How does the glomerulus differ from other capillary beds? |
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Definition
| Decreased intracapillary hydrostatic pressure. |
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Term
| Where does the kidney reabsorb most of the solutes that are reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the kidney reabsorb most of the water that are reabsorbed? |
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Definition
| Descending limb of Henle Loop |
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Term
| What segment of the nephron does the CONTROLLED reabsorption of solutes occur? |
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Definition
| Distal tubule and cortical collecting duct. |
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Term
| What segment of the nephron does the CONTROLLED reabsorbtion of water occur? |
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Definition
| Cortical and medullary collecting duct. |
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Term
| How many urethral sphincter muscles are there? |
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Definition
| 3. Detrusor, internal urethral sphincter, and external urethral sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle. Parasympathetic causes contraction, inhibition during filling, and stimulated duuring micturition. |
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Term
| Internal urethral sphincter |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle. Sympathetic causes contraction, stimulated during filling, and inhibited during micturition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle. Somatic motor causes contraction, stimulated during filling, and inhibited during micturition. |
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Term
| What are 4 or 5 ways the body loses water? |
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Definition
| Insensible loss (skin and lungs), sweat, feces, and urine |
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Term
| Which of these 4-5 ways is employed to regualte body's water balance? |
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Definition
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