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| Society of Jesus Otherwise known as the Jesuits, Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights |
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| Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights |
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| England monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility |
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| Spanish naval unit/ army. |
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| 21. Dutch East India Company - |
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| was established on March 20, 1602, when the Estates-General of the Netherlands granted it a monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stocks. |
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| "Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism |
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| were a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. |
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| nation-state": a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent. Typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself. |
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| Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields. |
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| ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into a 3-billion acre Russian Empire, a major European power. |
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| 27. Catherine the Great – |
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| reigned as Empress of Russia from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death (17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796). Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. Catherine's rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew ever stronger and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe |
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| 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Modern Day Turkey |
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| 29. Mughal Empire (MOO-gahl) - |
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| was an Islamic imperial power that ruled the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century |
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| 30. Matteo Ricci (matt-TAY-oh REECH-ee) – |
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| was an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th-18th centuries. His current title is Servant of God. |
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| military leaders of the bakufu |
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| 32. samurai (SAM-ooh-rye) - |
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| Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights |
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| an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand. It claimed to allow individuals to exchange their products and labor in free, unregulated markets. It had little place for the restrictive rules of Church and government. |
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| an economic policy pursued by many European nations between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It aimed to strengthen an individual nation’s economic power at the expense of its rivals by stock-piling reserves of bullion, which involved government regulation of trade. Measures included tariffs on imports, the passing of sumptuary laws to keep demand for imported goods low, the promotion of thrift, and the search for new colonies, both as source of raw materials for export of finished goods. |
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| 3. Hernán Cortés (kor-TEZ) |
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| (1485-1547); Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire (1519-21) and won Mexico for the crown of Spain; 600 Spaniards, few guns, and 16 horses; capture uacatan and most of Central America; become ruler of the Kingdom of New Spain; part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas |
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| 4. Moctezuma II (mock-teh-ZOO-ma) |
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| =(1466-1520); ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes; captured by Cortes and then killed; in 1502 he succeeded his uncle as leader of empire but it was weakene by his increasing demands for tribute and victims for religious sacrifices; organized extensive expeditions of conquest; ruled from 1502 to 1520; changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy widened gap between nobles and commoners |
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| 5. Francisco Pizarro (pih-ZAHR-oh) |
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| Spanish conqueror of the Inca empire and founder of the city of Lima; landed on the northern coast of Peru on May 13, 1532 he brought with him a force of 200 men with horses, guns, and swords; 1513 he accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in his crossing of Isthmus of Panama; 1st European to view the Pacific coast of the New World; captured Atahualpa and killed him |
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| 6. Atahualpa (ah-tuh-WAHL-puh) |
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| emperor of the Incas; (1502-1533); 13th and last emperor of the Inca, who was victorious in a devastating civil war; arrested by Francisco Pizarro in 1532; overconfidently he met with Pizarro without guards and was arrested and executed; he had won a civil war before for the crown against Huascar, but he captured/ executed him |
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| 7. encomienda system (en-KOHM-ee-en-duh) |
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| a concession from the Spanish crown too Spanish American colonist, giving him permission to exact tribute in gold, in kind, or in labor from a specified number of Indians living in a certain area; in return he was to care for their welfare and instruct them in the Catholic faith; it was designed to supply labor for their mines, but it was severely abused and later abolished |
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| 8. repartimiento system (re-PART-ihm-ee-en-toe) |
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| a system by which the Spanish crown allowed Spanish American colonists to employ Indians for forced labor, whether in agriculture or the mines. This had to be for the production of essential food or goods, and was for limited period; it was meant to be the new less abusive form of the encomienda system, but it was abused as well |
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| inherited Spain and the Spanish colonies in Africa, the Americas, Naples, and Sicily from his mother’s parents Ferdinand and Isabella; from his father, the House of Burgundy, he inherited Netherlands and German laws; most powerful ruler; raised by father so spoke no Spanish; Spaniards revolted; Communero revolt of 1520-21; when he entered wars against Ottoman Turkish Empire and Christian religious wars the bankrupted silver-rich treasury of Spain |
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| king of the Spaniards (1556–98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580–98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish Empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the “Invincible Armada” in the attempted invasion of England (1588); continued the politics of warfare of his father Charles ( the warfare with the Ottoman Turkish Empire and Christain wars) and suffered the same fate of bankruptcy; even his military victories were financial defeats. |
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| German religious leader; a pious German nomk who lived in a monastery in Wiltenberg and taught in the university; criticized Church’s wealth and asserted that it claimed too much power over individual conscience; doubted the importance of sacrament and authority; posted on the door of castle church the ninety-five theses; Pope Leo X excommunicated him; allied himself with local rulers |
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| in the Roman Catholic church, the remission form the temporal penalty of an absolved sin, obtainable through good works or special prayers and granted by the church through the merits of Christ and the saints; the financial value often attached ot this in the late medieval Church led to widespread abuse; offered exemption from punishment of sins in exchange for donations to the Church |
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| Luther’s exposition of his beliefs and his differences with the Catholic Church, posted publicly as a challenge to Church authority; considered to be the beginning of Protestant reformation; complained the indulgences of the Catholic Church |
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| French theologian and ecclesiastical statesman; he was the leading French Protestant Reformer; his interpretation of Christianity advanced above all in his Institutes of the Christian Religion; spoke of justification by faith and the supremacy of individual conscience; went beyond Luther in arguing (predestination and salvation by grace)God grants His grace to whomever he chooses, regardless of individual behavior; rejected alliances with government although he created a religious community that dominated the government of Geneva |
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| third major strand of reform arose in England, where King Henry VII broke form the Church not for reason of doctrine, but to claim authority for England over the entire Catholic establishment and to gain for himself a divorce, which the church had forbidden, form the first of his six wives; 1534- Parliament named him “Protector” and slightly modified form was passed to later English sovereigns; its followers in the US are called Episcopalions |
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| met irregularly for eighteen years, 1543-63, reaffirming the basic doctrines of Catholicism. It reasserted the necessity of the celibacy of the clergy and encouraged the greater religious devotion among them. It created new religious orders to purify the Church and transmit its teachings. |
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