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| -Henry of Navarre (Protestant) to marry the Catholic sister of the king |
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A. The revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1609)
1. Southern Netherlands -- grew prosperous from trade and manufacture
2. 1560: Charles V cedes all territories to his son, Philip
3. Philip II (r. 1556-1598)
a. Used the Netherlands as a source of income to pursue Spanish affairs
b. French Calvinists spread to Antwerp, converting others along the way
4. William the Silent
a. Leader of the Catholic nobility
b. Appeals to Philip to allow toleration for Calvinists
5. Radical Protestant mobs ransack Catholic churches
6. Philip dispatches an army under the duke of Alva
a. The "Council of Blood" (reign of terror)
7. The 1609 truce
a. Implicit recognition of the northern Dutch Republic |
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| William of Orange (or "the Silent") |
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2. William the Silent
a. Leader of the Catholic nobility
b. Appeals to Philip to allow toleration for Calvinists |
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a. Lutheran king of Sweden
b. Marched into Germany (1630), championed the Protestants
c. Earned the support of Catholic princes
i. Wished to see religious balance restored
ii. Did not want to submit to Ferdinand II
d. Subsidized by France
e. 1632: Adolphus killed in battle |
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a. Major goals
i. Enhance central power at home
ii. Expand French influence across Europe
b. 1629: deprived Huguenots of all political and military rights
c. Abolished the semi-autonomy of Burgundy, Dauphiné, and Provence
d. Introduced a new system of local government by the "intendants" |
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1. The origins of the English Civil War
a. James I (r. 1603-1625)
i. A Scottish king disliked by the English
ii. The prerogatives of kingship
iii. Raised taxes without parliamentary approval
b. James "plants" 8,000 Scottish Calvinists in Ulster |
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a. Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
i. Launches a new war with Spain
ii. Further financial problems
iii. marries the Catholic daughter of Louis XIII of France
iv. With William Laud, begins to favor anti-Calvinist elements in the English church
v. 1640: a Scottish army marches into England demanding the withdrawal of Charles's religious reforms
b. Charles summons Parliament
c. 1628: Parliament forced Charles to accept the Petition of Right
i. Declared all taxes not voted by Parliament to be illegal
ii. Condemned quartering of soldiers in private homes
iii. Prohibiting arbitrary imprisonment and martial law in times of peace
d. Charles rules without Parliament
e. 1642: Charles tries to arrest five leaders in the House of Commons
i. Charles raises his own army
ii. Parliament votes itself taxation to fight Charles and his army
f. Quarrel within the parliamentary party
i. Most were ready to restore Charles as a limited monarch
ii. A radical minority of Puritans ("Independents") distrusted Charles
iii. Insisted on religious toleration
iv. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
g. Charles renews the war (1648) but is forced to surrender
h. The "Rump" Parliament
i. Charles is beheaded (January 30, 1649) |
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The Price Revolution:
What caused it?
What Impact did it have? |
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| The Peace of Augsburg (1555) |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) |
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| The Edict of Nantes (1598) |
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| Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) |
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| The Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
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The Decline of Spain:
Why did it happen? |
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