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| Study of science that envolves change over time. |
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| What are the steps to answer questions that requires empirical research and data-based conclusions? |
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| Develpmental science includes________?. The challange is to identify universalies and differences and then describe them in ways that simultaneously unify humanity and distinguish each human being |
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| Understanding how and why, including all kinds of people, and observing changes over time- is called? |
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| A general term for the traits, capacities, and limitaions that each individual inherits genetically from his or her partents at the moment of conception is called_______? |
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| A general term for all the environmental influnces that affect develpment after an individual is conceived is called_______? |
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A ______ is a time when certain things must occur for normal develpment.
Example-fetus developing in womb &
sexual oreintation |
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At certain points during early childood, there may be a _______, when a particular development occurs most easily.
example- language |
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| Change is life long. Science of human development sudies all the changes and consistencies of human life from conception to death. 3 domains of of development include _______,_______,_________. |
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| Biosocial, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development |
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_________- Includes all the growth and change that occurs in a persons body and genetic, nutritional, and health facors that affect that growth and change.
Example- Motorskills (anything from grasping a rattle to drivng a car) |
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_________- Includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment. this encompasses perception, imagination, judgement, memory, and language- the process people use to think, decide, and learn.
Example- Education |
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Includes development of emotions, temperment, and social skills. Family, friends, and the community, the culture, and the larger society are particularly central to the __________ domain.
Example- cultural differences in "appropriate" sex roles or in family sttructures. |
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| Set forth by Paul and Margaret Baltes is ________;an approach to the human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood. |
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Development throughout life is _______,________,_________,
_________,________. |
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| multidirectional, multicontexual, multicultural, multidisciplinary,and plastic. |
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Development is ________. This often occurs together as people age and that losses may lead to gains or vice versa. Tend to focus on declines in late adulthood.
Example- Butterfly effect |
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| Development is _________. It takes place within many contexts, including physical surroundings (limate, noise, population density, ect). and family patterns. |
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_________ is a group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.
Example- Baby boomer's, generation X |
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A persons position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and plae of residence. _______ is a powerful influence on development at every age.
Example- blue collar, working class
(a.k.a- social class) |
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| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Development is _________;Patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next that serve as the resources for the current life of a social group.
Example- values, customs, clothing, dwellings, cuisine, and assumptions. |
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| __________(1896-1934) believed that guided participation, the process that mentors guide novices to master skills and habits expected in aculture, is universal. |
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Development is ________. the impact of impact of research in genetics and neuroscience.
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| In the lifespan perspective, it says development is multidisciplinary. Within this, _______ referrs to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's, or a species', genetic inheritance. |
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Developpment is __________. Human traits can be molded. For every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the lifespan. this provides hope and realism
hope because change is possible and realism because development builds on what has come before. |
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| _________is a systematic statement of priciples and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older. This also provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development. |
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| a theory of human devlopment that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, ofter originatating in childhood, underlie human behavior is called___________. |
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| Psychoanalytic theory originated with ________ (1856- 1939). According to him development in the first 6 years occurs in 3 stages, characterized by sexual pleasure (mouth, anal, genital) centered on a particular part of the body. He thought development stopped at pubery and the genital stage continued through adulthood. "the early stages provide foundation for adult behavior" |
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| _________ (1902- 1994) described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challanging crisis. This theory emphasizes family and cultural, not sexual urges. |
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| A theory from John B. Watson, that studies observable behavior. He said psychologists should study only what they could see and measure. Also called learning theory, because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned. This is called__________. this arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory. |
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| ________-Laws that govern how simple actions and environmental responses shape behavior. |
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| The specific laws of 'learning' apply to __________- the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli. There are two types are called ____________ & ___________. |
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Conditioning-
Classical and operant |
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__________ is a process by which a human or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with a the same response as to the meaningful stimulus.
A.K.A- respondent conditioning.
Example- Pavlov's experiment regarding dog salvating at a bell (food time) |
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Skinner believed that ________ conditioning is crucial. This is the learning process by which a particular action is followed either by something desired (which will make you more likely to repeat it) or by something unwanted (which makes you less likely to repeat it).
A.K.A - instrumental conditioning
Example- Rewards & punishments |
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A major extention of behaviorism is _________them, which was first described by Albert Bandura. this theory notes that, because humans are social beings, they learn by observing others.
Often called modeling bacuse people learn by watching other people then copying them. |
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