Term
The nature of personality disorders
(3) |
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Definition
Enduring and relatively stable predispositions
Inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impairment
Coded on Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR |
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Term
| Cluster A characterized by |
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Definition
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Term
| Cluster B characterized by |
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Definition
| dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster |
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Term
| Cluster C characterized by |
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Definition
| fearful or anxious cluster |
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Term
| Personality disorders affect about how much of the population? |
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Definition
| 0.5% to 2.5% of the general population |
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Term
| For Personality Disorders, are rates high er in inpatient and outpatient settings? |
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Definition
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Term
| Origins and course of personality disorders (3) |
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Definition
Thought to begin in childhood
Tend to run a chronic course if untreated
Comorbidity rates are high |
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Term
| (T/F) Gender bias exists in the diagnosis of personality disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? |
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Definition
| Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion |
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Term
Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
The Causes |
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Definition
Biological and psychological contributions are unclear
Early learning that people and the world is a dangerous place |
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Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (2) |
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Definition
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations |
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Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
The Causes |
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Definition
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Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
People who have this disorder typically have a preference for what?
This preference resembles that of what other disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Behavioral characterizations (4) |
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Definition
Behavior and dress is odd and unusual
Socially isolated and highly suspicious
Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions
Many meet criteria for major depression |
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Term
Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (4) |
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Definition
Failure to comply with social norms
Violation of the rights of others
Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
Lack of a conscience, empathy, and remorse |
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Term
| (T/F) Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are related? |
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Definition
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Term
Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
3 things concerning the relation with conduct disorder and early behavior problems (with Antisocial Personality Disorder) (3) |
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Definition
Early histories of behavioral problems, including conduct disorder
Families with inconsistent parental discipline and support
Families often have histories of criminal and violent behavior |
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Term
Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (4) |
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Definition
Unstable moods and relationships
Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image
Self-mutilation and suicidal gestures
Comorbidity rates are high |
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Term
Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (4) |
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Definition
Overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative
Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention
Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow
Common diagnosis in females |
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Term
Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (4) |
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Definition
Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance
Preoccupation with receiving attention
Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people
Highly sensitive to criticism, envious, and arrogant |
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Term
Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (3) |
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Definition
Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others
Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships
Are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection |
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Term
Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (3) |
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Definition
Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
Unreasonable fear of abandonment
Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships |
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Term
Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Characterized by what? (3) |
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Definition
Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way
Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow
Obsessions and compulsions are rare |
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Term
| 2 main characteristics of Personality Disorders (2) |
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Definition
Long-standing patterns of behavior
Begin early in development and run a chronic course |
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Term
| There is disagreement over how to catergorize personality disorders, primarily between these two terms (2) |
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Definition
| Categorical vs. dimensional. (some of the community is proposing some sort of combination of both) |
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Term
| The causes of personality disorders start _____ but are hard to _____ |
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Definition
| start in childhood; specify |
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Term
| for personality disorders Treatment is ______ and prognosis is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Schizophrenia vs. psychosis
Psychosis |
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Definition
| a broad term (i.e. hallucinations, delusions) |
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Term
Schizophrenia vs. psychosis
Schizophrenia is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychosis and schizophrenai are ______? |
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Definition
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster
The positive symptoms (2) |
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Definition
Active manifestations of abnormal behavior
Distortions of normal behavior |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster
Delusions (2) |
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Definition
Gross misrepresentations of reality
Include delusions of grandeur or persecution |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster
Hallucinations (2) |
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Definition
Experience of sensory events without environmental input
Can involve all senses |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Negative” Symptom Cluster
The negative symptoms (1) |
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Definition
| Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Negative” Symptom Cluster
spectrum of negative symptoms (4 terms) |
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Definition
Avolition (or apathy) – lack of initiation and persistence
Alogia – relative absence of speech
Anhedonia – lack of pleasure, or indifference
Affective flattening – little expressed emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of initiation and persistence |
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Term
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Definition
| relative absence of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of pleasure, or indifference |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster
The disorganized symptoms (1) |
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Definition
| Severe and excess speech, behavior, and emotion |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster
Nature of disorganized speech (3 terms) |
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Definition
Cognitive slippage – illogical and incoherent speech
Tangentiality – “going off on a tangent”
Loose associations – conversation in unrelated directions |
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Term
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Definition
| Illogical and incoherent speech |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conversation in unrelated directions |
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Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster
disorganized behavior (2) |
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Definition
includes a variety of unusual behaviors
Inappropriate emotional behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormality of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia). |
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Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Paranoid and Disorganized
Paranoid Type Characteristics (4) |
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Definition
Intact cognitive skills and affect
Do not show disorganized behavior
Hallucinations and delusions – grandeur or persecution
The best prognosis of all types of schizophrenia |
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Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Paranoid and Disorganized
Disorganized type Characteristics (4) |
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Definition
Marked disruptions in speech and behavior
Flat or inappropriate affect
Hallucinations and delusions – tend to be fragmented
Develops early, tends to be chronic, lacks remissions |
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Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual
Catatonic type characteristics (3 one is examples) |
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Definition
Show unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms
Examples include echolalia and echopraxia
Tends to be severe and quite rare |
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Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual
Undifferentiated type Characteristics (3) |
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Definition
Wastebasket category
Major symptoms of schizophrenia
Fail to meet criteria for another type |
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Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual
Residual type Characteristics (2) |
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Definition
One past episode of schizophrenia
Continue to display less extreme residual symptoms |
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Term
| Schizophreniform disorder (3 characteristics) |
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Definition
Schizophrenic symptoms for a few months
Associated with good premorbid functioning
Most resume normal lives |
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Term
| Schizoaffective disorder (4 Characteristics) |
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Definition
Symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder
Both disorders are independent of one another
Prognosis is similar for people with schizophrenia
Such persons do not tend to get better on their own |
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Term
| Delusional Disorder (4 Characteristics) |
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Definition
Delusions that are contrary to reality
Lack other positive and negative symptoms
Extremely rare
Better prognosis than schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Jealous
Persecutory
Somatic |
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Term
| Brief psychotic disorder (3 characteristics) |
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Definition
One or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Usually precipitated by extreme stress or trauma
Tends to remit on its own |
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Term
| Shared psychotic disorder (2) |
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Definition
Delusions from one person manifest in another person
Little is known about this condition |
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Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder (1) |
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Definition
| May reflect a less severe form of schizophrenia |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
Structural and functional abnormalities in the brain(specify, with 2 characteristics) |
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Definition
Enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue volume
Hypofrontality – less active frontal lobes
A major dopamine pathway |
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Term
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Definition
less active frontal lobes
A major dopamine pathway |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
It has been thought that ____ during _____ development could cause Schizophrenia in people but findings are inconclusive |
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Definition
| viral infections;early prenatal development |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
Conclusions about neurobiology and schizophrenia (2) |
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Definition
Schizophrenia – diffuse neurobiological dysregulation
Structural and functional brain abnormalities
Not unique to schizophrenia |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences
The Role of Stress (2) |
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Definition
May activate underlying vulnerability
May also increase risk of relapse |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences
Family interactions (2) |
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Definition
Families – show ineffective communication patterns
High expressed emotion – associated with relapse |
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Term
| Why does one twin become schizophrenic and the other does not? (4) |
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Definition
Lower birth weight
More physiological distress
More submissive, tearful, sensitive
Impaired motor coordination |
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Term
Genes scattered across all but 8 chromosomes have been implicated (to cause Schizophrenia)
The most important are: (4) |
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Definition
Neuregulin 1: NMDA, GABA, & Ach receptors
Dysbindin: synaptic plasticity
Catechol-O-methyl transferase: DA metabol.
G72: regulates glutamatergic activity
Others: myelination, glial function |
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Term
Genes
Genes scattered across all but 8 chromosomes have been implicated
Paternal Age is a factor for schizophrenia in offspring because what? |
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Definition
| more cell divisions in sperm |
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Term
| According to the DSM-IV-TR how many subtypes of schizophrenia are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) Concerning Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders,Successful treatment rarely includes complete recovery |
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Definition
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