Term
| Meaning of an "Abnormal Disorder" |
|
Definition
| A psychological dysfunction associated with distress/impairment and not considered typical or culturally expected |
|
|
Term
| Meaning of Abnormal Behavior? |
|
Definition
| unexpected actions often evaluated in a negative sometimes taboo light due to differences from typical/usual behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathological- altered state thought to be caused by a disease. |
|
|
Term
| DSM says about abnormal disorders? |
|
Definition
Clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome (pattern)
Distress or disability
Not predictable and culturally sanctioned
Reflects behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biological
Psychoanalytic
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Third Wave Behavioral
Humanistic
Existential
Cognitive Behavioral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response to external threat |
|
|
Term
| Fear vs. Anxiety. (Anxiety) |
|
Definition
| response to internal threat (expectations of external threat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both involve same physical response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden, overwhelming fright or terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abrupt fear accompanied by dizziness, palpitations, and sensations of shortness of breath. |
|
|
Term
| Common symptoms of panic (5) |
|
Definition
| Sweating, Shaking, Nausea, Derealization, Depersonalization |
|
|
Term
| Is comorbidity of anxiety disorders common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many patients have 2 or more anxiety disorders of those that do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Anxiety and depression closely related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
Excessive, strong, persistent, and uncontrollable apprehension and worry
Not limited to on specific issue
Somatic symptoms differ from panic (e.g., muscle tension, fatigue, irritability)
Onset early adult hood with gradual intensity
3.1% within a year and 5.7% in a lifetime
2/3 are female
Generalized biological vulnerability
Anxiousness runs in families
Overall physiological tense vs. being startled tense
Responds to stress (perception)
Anxious Apprehension – Worry – (avoidance, autonomic restriction, intense processing, inadequate problem solving)
Negative future orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anxiety about being in places/situations from which escape might be difficult/impossible
Often develops in a downward spiral
The role of avoidance and embarrassment
Interoceptive aviodance
Intense dread and panic attacks
Typical Situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Core feature is recurrent, unexpected panic attacks which come completely out of the blue.
Midteens to about 40 with puberty onset relevance
2.7% in a give year, 4.7% in life time, and 66.6% are female
1.4% agoraphobia w/o PD and 75% are female |
|
|
Term
| Biopsychosocial vulnerabilities for Panic Disorder and PDA (5) |
|
Definition
Stronger for bio psycho interaction
Stress vulnerability and physiological over activity (false alarm)
Psychological cue misidentification (learned/conditioned alarms)
Unexplained physical sensations
Focus leads to anxious apprehension |
|
|
Term
| Specific Phobias Defining Features |
|
Definition
Extreme irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Persons will go to great lengths to avoid phobic objects
Most recognize that the fear and avoidance are unreasonable
Markedly interferes with one’s ability to function |
|
|
Term
| Specific Phobias Facts and Statistics |
|
Definition
Females are again over-represented
Affects about 12.5% of the general population
Given year 8.7%
Phobias tend to run a chronic course |
|
|
Term
| Specific Phobias (Causes) |
|
Definition
Biological and evolutionary vulnerability
Three pathways – conditioning, observational learning, information |
|
|
Term
| Defining Features of Social Phobia |
|
Definition
Extreme and irrational fear in social/performance situations
Markedly interferes with one’s ability to function
Often avoid social situations or endure them with great distress
Generalized subtype – affects many social situations |
|
|
Term
| Social Phobia Facts and Statistics |
|
Definition
Affects about 12.1% of the general population
One year 6.8%
Prevalence is slightly greater in females than males
Onset is usually during adolescence
Peak age of onset at about 15 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main etiologic characteristics – trauma exposure and response
Reexperiencing (e.g., memories, nightmares, flashbacks)
Avoidance
Emotional numbing and interpersonal problems
Markedly interferes with one's ability to function
PTSD diagnosis – only after 1 month post-trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Combat and sexual assault are the most common traumas
About 6.8% of the general population meet criteria for PTSD |
|
|
Term
| Subtypes and associated features of PTSD |
|
Definition
Acute – may be diagnosed 1-3 months post trauma
Chronic – diagnosed after 3 months post trauma
Delayed onset – onset 6 months or more post trauma
Acute stress disorder – PTSD immediately post-trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intensity of the trauma and one's reaction to it (i.e., true alarm)
Learn alarms – direct conditioning and observational learning
Biological vulnerability
Uncontrollability and unpredictability
Extent of social support, or lack thereof, post-trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obsessions – intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges
Compulsions – thoughts or actions to neutralize thoughts
Vicious cycle of obsessions and compulsions
Cleaning and washing or checking rituals are common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Affects about 1.6% of the general population
Most with OCD are female
Onset is typically in early adolescence or young adulthood
OCD tends to be chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Harming Self or Others
Contamination or Disease
Inappropriate or Unacceptable Behaviors
Doubts about Safety, Memory, and general Doubts |
|
|
Term
| Characterizing of Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
Gross deviations in mood
-Range of elation to depression
Major depressive episodes
-Physical, behavioral, and emotional shutdown
Manic and hypomanic episodes
-1 wk to 3-6 months |
|
|
Term
| Types of DSM-IV-TR depressive disorders (3) |
|
Definition
Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Double depression |
|
|
Term
| Types of DSM-IV-TR bipolar disorders (3) |
|
Definition
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Cyclothymic disorder |
|
|
Term
| Defining features of Major Depressive episode (4) |
|
Definition
Extremely depressed mood lasting at least 2 weeks
Cognitive symptoms – feelings of worthlessness, indecisiveness
Disturbed physical functioning
Anhedonia – loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities |
|
|
Term
| single episode of Major Depressive Disorder (highly unusual or common?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recurrent episodes of Major Depressive Disorder (highly unusual or common?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysthymia defining features (4) |
|
Definition
Symptoms are milder than major depression
Persists for at least 2 years
No more than 2 weeks symptom free
Symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years) |
|
|
Term
| Dysthymia. When does it normally occur? (ages) |
|
Definition
Late onset – typically in the early 20s
Early onset – before age 21 |
|
|
Term
| Double Depression defining features (2) |
|
Definition
Major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder
Dysthymic disorder often develops first |
|
|
Term
| Double Depression Facts and Statistics (2) |
|
Definition
Associated with severe psychopathology
Associated with a problematic future course |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar I Disorder defining features (1) |
|
Definition
| Alternations between full manic episodes and depressive episodes |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar I Disorder facts and statistics (4) |
|
Definition
Average age of onset is 18 years
Can begin in childhood
Tends to be chronic
Suicide is a common consequence |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar II Disorder defining features (1) |
|
Definition
| Alternations between major depressive and hypomanic episodes |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar II Disorder facts and statistics (4) |
|
Definition
Average age of onset is 22 years
Can begin in childhood
10% to 13% of cases progress to full bipolar I disorder
Tends to be chronic |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II? |
|
Definition
I - alternates = full manic and depressive
II - alternates = major depressive and hypomanic
alternating episodes =
I= full manic and depressive
II= major depressive and hypomanic
Average Onset:
I= 18 (but can begin in childhood)
II= 22 (but can begin in childhood
**********************************
HOWEVER 10 to 13% of IIs can progress into Is.
Is also have suicide as a common consequence |
|
|
Term
| Similarities between Bipolar I and Bipolar II? |
|
Definition
Both can begin in childhood,
both alternate between different episodes,
both have an average onset in the young adult stage of life |
|
|
Term
| Cyclothymic Disorder defining features (4) |
|
Definition
Chronic version of bipolar disorder
Manic and major depressive episodes are less severe
Manic or depressive mood states persist for long periods
Must last for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents) |
|
|
Term
| Cyclothymic Disorder Facts and Statistics (4) |
|
Definition
Average age of onset is 12 to 14 years
Most are female
Cyclothymia tends to be chronic and lifelong
High risk for developing bipolar I or II disorder |
|
|
Term
| Course Specifiers (on slide: Differences in the Course of Mood Disorders) (3) |
|
Definition
Longitudinal course
Rapid Cycling Pattern
Seasonal pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Past history of mood disturbance
History of recovery from depression and/or mania |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applies to bipolar I and II disorder only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| episodes vary with changes in the season |
|
|
Term
| How much of the world has major depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex Differences (facts and statistics on mood disorders) (3) |
|
Definition
females are twice as likely to have major depression
Gender imbalance disappears after age 65
Bipolar Disorders equally affect males and females |
|
|
Term
| Is the prevalence of depression similar across subcultures? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (t/f) Most depressed people are anxious, but not all anxious people are depressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter systems, what do they do? (3) |
|
Definition
Serotonin and its relation to other neurotransmitters
Mood disorders are related to low levels of serotonin
Permissive hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression arises when low serotonin levels promote low levels of norepinephrine, another monoamine neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| Sleep Disturbance and it's effect on mood disorders? (2) |
|
Definition
Hallmark of most mood disorders
Relation between depression and sleep |
|
|
Term
| Stress in relation to mood disorders (3) |
|
Definition
Stress = strongly related to = Mood disorders
higher stress can cause:
poorer response to treatment
Longer time before remission |
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal-gene environment model |
|
Definition
A theory in psych that says says that a person, who is predisposed to a certain disorder (like depression), will inadvertently create an unsuitable environment for themselves which will propagate the accumulation of the disorder.
Example: A person with a genetic vulnerability to depression will have bad relationships or close people off and, as a result, become depressed. |
|
|
Term
| The learned helplessness theory of depression basically says that the person who is depressed feels like he/she has ____? |
|
Definition
| a lack of control over life events |
|
|
Term
| three kinds of attributions to a depressive attributional lifestyle (3) |
|
Definition
internal attributions
Stable attributions
Global Attribution
***All three domains contribute to a sense of hopelessness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative outcomes are one's own fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believing future negative outcomes will be one’s fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believing negative events will disrupt many life activities |
|
|
Term
Psychologica lDimensions (Cognitive Theory)
Negative Coping styles (2) |
|
Definition
Depressed persons engage in cognitive errors
Tendency to interpret life events negatively |
|
|
Term
Psychological Dimensions (Cognitive Theory)
Types of Cognitive errors (2) |
|
Definition
Arbitrary inference – overemphasize the negative
Overgeneralization – negatives apply to all situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overemphasize the negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negatives apply to all situations |
|
|
Term
| The Depressive Cognitive Triad (3) |
|
Definition
Think negatively about:
oneself
the world
the future |
|
|
Term
Mood Disorders: Social and Cultural Dimensions
Social Support (3) |
|
Definition
Extent of social support is related to depression
Lack of social support predicts late onset depression
Substantial social support predicts recovery from depression |
|
|
Term
| Suicide is ranked how high in leading cause of death in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ethnic groups in the US are overwhelmingly the ones committing suicide? |
|
Definition
| Whites and Native Americans |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Suicide rates are increasing? |
|
Definition
| True, especially among younger people |
|
|
Term
The Nature of Suicide: Facts and Statistics
Gender Differences (2) |
|
Definition
Males are more successful at committing suicide than females
Females attempt suicide more often than males |
|
|
Term
| Risk Factors for suicide (7) |
|
Definition
Suicide in the family
Low serotonin levels
Preexisting psychological disorder
Alcohol use and abuse
Past suicidal behavior
Experience of a shameful/humiliating stressor
Publicity about suicide and media coverage |
|
|
Term
| All mood disorders share ___ (2) |
|
Definition
Gross deviations in mood
Common biological and psychological vulnerability |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Mood disorders occur in children, adults, and the elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onset, maintenance, and treatment (for mood disorders) are affected by ____ (2) |
|
Definition
| Stress and Social Support |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Mood disorders have low rates of relapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does DSM IV stand for? |
|
Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition |
|
|
Term
| What does DSM IV stand for? |
|
Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition |
|
|
