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| Any eukaryotic chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; autosomes are present in the same number and kind in both males and females of the species. |
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| A chromosome that is related to sex; in humans, the sex chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes. |
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| the sex-determining region Y protein which initiates male sex determination. Mutations in this gene give rise to XY females with gonadal dysgenesis |
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| A trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome. |
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| a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by it being packaged in such a way that it has a transcriptionally inactive structure called heterochromatin. |
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| A deeply staining structure, seen in the interphase nucleus of a cell of an individual with more than one X chromosome, that is a condensed and inactivated X. Only one X remains active in each cell after early embryogenesis. |
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| the interchange of chromosomes segments between nonhomologous chromosomes. |
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| The condition in an organism whose cells have lost or gained a chromosome; Down syndrom, which results from an extra copy of human chromosome 21 is an example of aneuploidy in humans. |
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| The failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis, resulting in an aneuploid cell or gamete. |
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| Condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes is added to the diploid genome. |
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| Indirect examination of a fetus by tests on cell cultures grown from fetal cells obtained from a sample of the amniotic fluid or tests on the fluid itself. |
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| A technique in which fetal cells are sampled from the chorion of the placenta rather than from the amniotic fluid; this less invasive technique can be used earlier in pregnancey than amniocentesis. |
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