Term
| The need-to-belong theory proposes that humans have a biological need for interpersonal connections. According to social comparison theory, we're motivated to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and reactions by comparing them with the beliefs, attitudes, and reactions of others. Mass hysteria and urban legend reflect outbreaks of irrational behaviour spread largely by social contagion. |
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Definition
| Identify the ways in which social situations influence the behaviours of individuals. |
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Term
| behaviour; beliefs; attitudes |
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Definition
| Social psychologists study how people influence others' ______, _______, and _______, for both good and bad. |
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Definition
| The idea that we have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections is known as the __________ theory. |
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Definition
| According to Festinger's _______________ theory, we evaluate our abilities and beliefs largely by judging how we rank relative to others. |
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Definition
| The flying saucer craze was arguably one of the most widespread cases of what phenomenon? |
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| Urban legends are convincing in part because they fit our perconceptions. They make good stories because they tug on our emotions, especially negative ones (such as disgust). |
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Definition
| What factors contribute to the rise and spread of urban legends? |
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Definition
| A worsened performance in the presence of others is explained by ______________. |
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Definition
| Researchers have found that our performance in front of others is influenced by our level of __________ in that performance area. |
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Definition
| We tend to form ___________ in our desire to assign causes to other people's behaviour. |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the impact of ______________ on others' behaviour is called the fundamental attribution error. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental attribution error (does/doesn't) apply to people's attributions about themselves. |
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Term
| Attributions refer to our efforts to explain behaviour; some attributions are internal, others external. The great lesson of social psychology is the fundamental attribution error--the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositions on others' behaviour. As a result of this error, we also tend to underestimate the impact of situations on others' behaviour. |
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Definition
| Explain how the fundamental attriution error can cause us to misjudge others' behaviours. |
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Term
| Conformity refers to the tendency of people to change their behaviour as a result of group pressure. Asch's conformity studies underscore the power of social pressure, although there are individual and cultural differences in conformity. Deindividuation refers to the tendency of people to engage in atypical behaviour when stripped of their usual identities. The Stanford prison study is a powerful demonstration of the effects of deindividuation on behaviour. |
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Definition
| Determine the factors that influence us when we conform to others. |
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Definition
| Changing your personal style, habits, or behaviour to fit into a social or peer group is an example of ___________. |
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Definition
| According to research by Berns and his colleagues, conformity is associated with activity in the __________ and _________ lobes of the brain. |
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Definition
| People with (high/low) self-esteem are especially prone to conformity. |
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Term
| anonymity; individual responsibility |
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Definition
| Researchers like Phil Zimbardo found that two prominent factors that contribute to deindividuation are a feeling of __________ and a lack of __________________. |
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Definition
| The Stanford prison study results have been compared with the prison guard atrocities at _______________ in Iraq. |
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Term
| Groupthink is a preoccupation with group unanimity that impairs critical thinking. It can be "treated" by interventions that encourage dissent within the group. Group polarization refers to the tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions of individual group members. Cults are groups of individuals who exhibit extreme groupthink, marked by intense and unquestioning devotion to a single individual. |
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Definition
| Recognize the dangers of group decision making and identify ways to avoid mistakes common in group decisions. |
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Definition
| NASA's decision to launch the 1986 Challenger space shuttle despite warnings of potential problems from the engineers may have resulted from _________. |
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Definition
| The best way to resist the indoctrination that leads to cults is through the _________________, which involves first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct, the debunking them. |
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Definition
| Milgram's study testing the effects of "punishment on learning" was, inreality, designed to measure __________. |
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Term
| The greater the psychological distance between the teacher and experimenter, the less the obedience. For instance, obedience plummeted when the experimenter gave instructions by telephone. Obedience also varied depending on the psychological distance between the teacher and the learner. For example, if the teacher was in the same room with the learner, obedience decreased, but if the teacher was instructed to have a third person administer the shock, obedience increased. |
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Definition
| What factors in the Milgram study increased the likelihood that subjects would refuse to comply with orders to shock the "learner"? |
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Term
| Bystander nonintervention results from two major factors: pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility. The first affects whether we recognize ambiguous situations as emergencies, and the second affects how we respond once we've identified situations as emergencies. People are more likely to help when they're unable to escape from a situation, have adequate time to intervene, are in a good mood, and have been exposed to research on bystander intervention |
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Definition
| Explain which aspects of a situation increase or decrease the likelihood of bystander intervention. |
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Definition
| The presence of others tends to make people (less/more) likely to help someone in need.) |
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Term
| Address a specific person ("Man in the blue shirt, please help me!") to decrease the chances of bystander nonintervention. |
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Definition
| What steps could you take to improve your chances of obtaining help if you were badly hurt or seriously ill in a public place? |
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Definition
| As diffusion of responsibility occurs, each individual feels (more/less) accountable for helping someone in need. |
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a task when in a group than when alone is known as _____________. |
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Definition
| Prior exposure to psychological research (can/can't) change an individual's real-world behaviour for the better. |
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Definition
| Extroverted people are (more/less) prone to help others than introverted people. |
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Term
| Describe the social and individual difference variables that contribute to human aggression. |
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Definition
| A variety of situational variables, including provocation, frustration, aggressive cues, media influences, arousal, and temperature, increase the likelihood of aggression. Men tend to be more physically aggressive than women, although girls are more relationally aggressive than boys. The southern "culture of honour" may help to explain why murder rates are higher in the southern USA than in other regions of that country. |
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Term
| situational; dispositional |
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Definition
| Aggressive behaviour, at both the individual and group levels, is influenced by __________ and _____________ factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because warm temperatures increase __________, they may make people more likely to lose their tempers when provoked or frustrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ aggression is a form of indirect aggression that involves spreading rumours, gossiping, and non-verbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major distinction between a belief and an attitude is that an attitude involves a(n) ____________ component. |
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Term
| Attitudes aren't typically good predictors of behaviour, although attitudes predict behaviour relatively well when they're highly accessible, firmly held, and stable over time. |
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Definition
| Decribe how attitudes relate to behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| LaPiere's research suggested that people's stated attitudes (did/didn't) accurately predict their situational behaviour. |
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Definition
| The behaviour of someone who is a (low/high) self-monitor is likely to reflect his or her true feelings and attitudes. |
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Definition
| The ________________, which makes us more likely to believe something we've heard many times, generally reflects accurate information. |
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Term
| According to cognitive dissonance theory, a discrepancy between two beliefs leads to an unpleasant state of tension that we're motivated to reduce. In some cases, we reduce this state by altering our attitudes. Two alternative views are self-perception theory, which proposes that we infer our attitudes from observing our behaviours, and impression management theory, which proposes that we don't really change our attitudes but report that we have so we appear consistent. |
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Definition
| Evaluate theoretical accounts of how and when we alter our attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Festinger and Carlsmith's test of cognitive dissonance theory, participants given less money reported enjoying the task (more/less). |
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Term
| According to dual process models of persuation, there are two routes to persuation: a central route that involves careful evaluation of arguments and a peripheral route that relies on superficial cues. Effective persuation techniques include the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face technique, and the lowball technique. Many techniques designed to market pseudoscientific products largely make use of the peripheral route to persuation. |
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Definition
| Identify common and effect persuation techniques and how they're exploited by pseudoscientists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once a friend has agreed to help you select paint colours for your dorm room, asking her to help you actually paint the room is an example of the ___________ technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| Messages are especially persuasive if the messenger seems (similar/different) to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| By manufacturing ________________, advertisers can fool consumers into believing that a source is more trustworthy than it is. |
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Term
| Prejudice is coming to a negative conclusion before we've evaluated all of the evidence. Prejudice is accompanied by several other biases, including in-group bias and out-group homogeneity. Stereotypes are beliefs about a group's characteristics that we apply to most members of that group. They can either be positive or negative. Discrimination is the act of treating out-group members differently from in-group members. |
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Definition
| Distinguish prejudice and stereotypes as beliefs from discrimination as a behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concluding that all Americans are loud, materialistic, and arrogant without ever having spent time with any of them is an example of ____________. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beief that all cheerleaders are ditzy, flirty, and interested only in dating is a(n) ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our tendency to view all people outside of our group as highly similar to each other is known as ________________. |
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Term
| prejudice; discrimination |
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Definition
| Believing--without firsthand knowledge--that teens with nose piercings who frequent the local mall are all troublemakers is a form of __________, and refusing to serve them in your mall restaurant is a form of ________________. |
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Term
| Jane Elliott divided her class into favoured and disfavoured groups based solely on their eye colour, informing her students that children with brown eyes are superior because of excess melanin in their eyes. The results were dramatic: The brown-eyed children quickly became arrogant and condescending, and the blue-eyed children became submissive and insecure. |
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Definition
| How did one schoolteacher use her students' eye colour to demonstrate how discrimination arises? |
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Term
| There's evidence for various explanations of prejudice, including scapegoating, belief in a just world, and conformity. One of the most effective means of combating prejudice is to make members of different groups work together toward achieving shared overarching goals. |
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Definition
| Identify some of the causes of prejudice and describe methods for combating it. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the _________________, prejudice arises for a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that our behaviours and attributions are based on the assumption that all things happen for a reason supports the ___________ hypothesis. |
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Term
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| The ___________________ is a technique to measure implicit prejudice. |
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Term
| In jigsaw classrooms, children co-operate on a multipart project, with each child assuming a small but essential role. |
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Definition
| How do Aronson's jigsaw classrooms work to reduce prejudice? |
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Term
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Definition
| One condition for reducing prejudice is to (encourage/discourage) group members from becoming friends.) |
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Term
| If others responding before you all consistently supplied this same (obviously incorrect) answer, you'd be extremely likely to provide the same wrong answer yourself. |
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Definition
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Definition
What phenomenon did primate researcher Frans de Waal capture in this photo of two chimpanzees after a fight?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| Making a small request of someone followed by a bigger request |
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Term
| Door-in-the-fact technique |
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Definition
| Making an unreasonably large request with the goal of getting someone to agree to a lesser request |
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Term
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Definition
| "Adding on" costs hidden until an agreement to buy the item at a lower cost is reached |
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Term
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Definition
| The term ____________ is described as helping others for unselfish reasons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____________________ error is the assumption that beliefs among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispostion. |
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