Term
| __________ cells are capable of making all possible organs and tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fates that a cell can take are determined partly by what genes are __________ (and which are silent) and by its location in the developing embryo (__________ __________). |
|
Definition
1) Active
2) Positional information |
|
|
Term
| The proteins needed for early development of the embryo are pre-stored in the egg (__________) of the mother. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of rapid division creating a ball of cells with a hollow space inside (the __________ stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following the blastula state, the surface undergoes __________ (folding) creating multiple layers and some cells move into the space inside creating a __________. |
|
Definition
1) Invagination
2) Gastrula |
|
|
Term
| The proteins being partitioned in the embryo are activators / inhibitors of gene expression depending upon their concentration of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signals received from __________ cells can also influence the fate choices of a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: When a fate has already been determined, transplantation to a new location in the developing embryo will still generate the same pre-determined fate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The four small cells at the bottom of a sea-urchin are called __________ and are destined to develop into the digestive system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The egg (__________) is an extremely organized cell with pre-stored __________ that are not uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm and help establish __________.
In addition to the oocyte, there are helper cells (__________ __________) connected to the oocyte by cytoplasmic channels. |
|
Definition
1) Oocyte
2) Proteins
3) Polarity
4) Nurse cells |
|
|
Term
In Drosophila, the zygote undergoes __________ larval and __________ pupa stage before becoming an adult.
The process takes __________ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the formation of the adult fruit fly from the pupa, most of the pupal tissue is discarded and the adult tissues are created from prestored undifferentiated cells (called __________ __________). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the early stages of the fruit fly, there are __________ rapid nuclear divisions without septa formation creating a __________ (multinucleate bag).
The nuclei move to the periphery of the bag and about __________ germ line precursor cells are cut off at the __________ end away from the rest of the nuclei destined to become __________ cells.
Another __________ nuclear divisions occur to create about 2,000 nuclei.
Now membranes are formed creating a monolayer of cells at the surface called a __________. |
|
Definition
1) Nine
2) Syncytium
3) Ten
4) Posterior
5) Somatic
6) Four
7) Blastoderm |
|
|
Term
| After the __________ stage in the fruit fly, certain cells have become fated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking __________ synthesis has no effect in the first nine nuclear cell division of the fruit fly, but blocking __________ synthesis prevents the cell division immediately. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The genes that are active in the mother during the creation of the egg in the fruit fly are called __________ __________ __________.
Genes that come into play later in the embryo or __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Maternal effect genes
2) Zygotic genes |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ establish a polarity in the egg before it is even polarized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the early embryo of a fruit fly, __________ segments can be recognized based on stripes on the surface of the larva.
There are __________ __________ segments (C1-C3), __________ __________ segments (T1-T3) and __________ __________ segments (A1-A8) |
|
Definition
1) 14
2) 4 head
3) 3 thoracic
4) 8 abdominal |
|
|
Term
| Each __________ consists of the posterior region of one segment and the anterior end of the following segment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes that control the correct development of the segments are called __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four segmentation genes? |
|
Definition
1) Co-ordinate genes
2) Gap genes
3) Pair-rule genes
4) Segment polarity genes |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are those genes that set up the polarity of the embryo. There are three kinds of mutants __________, __________ and __________ for anterior-posterior axis determination and a fourth set that sets up __________-__________ axis. |
|
Definition
1) Co-ordinate genes
2) Anterior
3) Posterior
4) Terminal
5) Dorsal-ventral |
|
|
Term
| Mutants in the __________ genes affect the head and thorax; those in the gene __________ are lacking the head and thorax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bicoid codes for a transcription factor (__________-__________-__________) that activates genes needed for the development of the __________ structures. |
|
Definition
1) Helix-turn-helix
2) Anterior |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in the __________ genes affect abdominal segments; an example is the gene __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations in the __________ genes affect both the front and rear end; an example is the gene __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The products of __________-__________ __________ __________ are distributed dorsal-ventral gradient; an example gene is called __________. |
|
Definition
1) Dorsal-ventral axis determination
2) Dorsal |
|
|
Term
__________ __________ are those genes that are mutations because they result in the loss of segment in the adult body plan (__________ such genes are known).
These are __________ genes; examples are __________ and __________. Both of these code for transcription factors of the __________-__________ type. |
|
Definition
1) Gap genes
2) Six
3) Zygotic
4) Hunchback
5) Kruppel
6) Zinc-finger |
|
|
Term
| Mutants of the __________-__________ genes are missing alternating segments of the body (__________ such genes are known); an example is the gene __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pair-rule
2) Eight
3) Hairy |
|
|
Term
__________-__________ genes determine the polarity of a segment (__________ genes are known).
With these mutations, mutants have a reversal or polarity in segments; an example is the mutant gene __________. |
|
Definition
1) Segment-polarity
2) 14
3) Engrailed |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of the undifferentiated imaginal disk cells into adult fly organs is initiated by the hormone __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ genes control the specification of the fate of a segment / parasegment. Mutations in them transform one body segment into another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two well studied homeotic mutations in Drosophila are __________ and __________ complexes.
In Drosophila, the rear wings are reduced to small structures called __________; however, these can become full-sized through bithorax mutants.
Similarly, antennapedia mutants have their antennae transformed into __________. |
|
Definition
1) Bithorax
2) Antennapedia
3) Halteres
4) Legs |
|
|
Term
| The homeotic genes in Drosophila code for __________-__________-__________ type transcription factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a DNA sequence found within genes that are involved in the regulation of development (__________) of animals, fungi, and plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A homeobox is about __________ base pairs long and encodes a protein domain (the homeodomain about __________ aa) which can bind to DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Homeobox genes encode __________ __________, which typically switch on cascades of other genes.
Most of the time, homeodomain proteins act in the __________ region of their target genes as complex with other TFs, often also homeodomain proteins. |
|
Definition
1) Transcription factors
2) Promoter |
|
|
Term
A particular subgroup of homeobox genes, are the __________ genes which are found in a special gene cluster, the __________ __________ (also called the Hox complex).
Hox genes function in patterning the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Hox
2) Hox cluster
3) Boxy axis |
|
|
Term
__________ genes determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in a developing fetus or larva.
__________ in one of these genes can lead to the growth of extra, typically non-functional body parts in invertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation in vertebrate Hox genes usually results in __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a homeobox-containing protein regulator of growth hormone gene transcription, and is a member of the POU DNA-binding domain family of transcription factors so it can bind to DNA using both the __________ domain and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pit-1
2) POU
3) Homeodomain |
|
|
Term
| Humans generally contain homeobox genes in four clusters, including HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, and HOXD. On which chromosome are each of these found? |
|
Definition
1) HOXA - Chromosome 7
2) HOXB - Chromosome 17
3) HOXC - Chromosome 12
4) HOXD - Chromosome 2 |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of homeobox mutations in Drosophila? |
|
Definition
1) Legs where the antennae should be (antennapedia)
2) Second pair of wings |
|
|
Term
| If the final phenotype observed is a result of a cascade of multiple steps working in a __________ __________ __________, then one can determine the order of these regulatory steps by making double mutants. |
|
Definition
| 1) Linear regulatory pathway |
|
|
Term
| __________ is to little activity and __________ is too much activity. |
|
Definition
1) Vulvaless
2) Multivulva |
|
|
Term
| What are the five stages in the early development of Drosophila? |
|
Definition
1) Stage 1 - Newly laid eggs
2) Stage 2 - Early cleavage
3) Stage 3 - Pole-cell formation
4) Stage 4 - Syncytical blastoderm
5) |
|
|
