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| Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabel of Castile financed this explorer. They saw national unity as key to power and combined their Christian kingdoms and launched the brutal Inquisition against suspected Christian heretics and expelled or forcibly converted thousands of Jews and Muslims. |
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| Christopher Colombus- his voyage to Asia was financed by these royals |
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| Christopher Colombus' expedition |
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| 1492-was sailing to Asia for Spain but actually reached the Bahamas and expected to convert them to Christianity. He brought back no gold. He colonized the West Indies with 1000 other spanish settlers. |
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| America was named after him. He explored the coast of present-day South America and denied that it was part of Asia. |
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| explored and named the coast of Florida. |
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| crossed the Isthmus of Darien(Panama) and became the the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. |
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| conquered the Aztec empire and destroyed the civilization. also conquered cuba. Malinali became his mistress and interpreter. Cortes overthrew Moctezuma's empire with the help of the Tlaxcaltecs Indians |
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- Tenochtitlian was ravaged by smallpox, this was exploited by Cortes as an opportunity for more power.
- Pizarro set out to the same thing in Peru(Incan empire). But disease from Native Americans had already killed over half the people so the conquest was easy.
- Disease and warfare wiped out virtually all of the Indians of Hispaniola and most of Peru.
- Mesoamerica went from 30 million to 3 million.
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| royal grants giving Spanish monarchs legal control over land and Native American workers. significant because the conquests led to bureucratic empire in America. While government officials were sent over, the power remained in the hands of the royals |
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- The crops of the Western civilizations increased the populations in other continents.
- maize->china(population increase and recieving silver to be made into coins)->spain(recieved chinese silks in exchange)->money normal given to gods went to Spain
- spain becomes richest and most powerful nation in Europe
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| mixed-race population appearing after the migration of 350,00 people to Mesoamerica on the lands now empty due to the death of the former natives. An elaborate caste system was also created based on racial ancestry |
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| France becomes most powerful Catholic State instead of Spain |
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| Due to the Spanish power that came with their exploration, the pope issued an edict declaring their power. However, due to the teachings of reformers such as Martin Luther, a religious war started and while protestant and catholic were fighting, french gained power and colonized North America as definance of edict. |
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Wrote "Ninety-five theses" condeming the Catholic church for corruption(indulgences). He was dismissed from the church by the pope and King Charles of Spain threatened to imprison him. A generation of war b/t Germany and Spain was set off after German princes tried to protect Luther.
Peace of Augsburg divided Germany into Lutheran states in north and catholic in south |
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| French, human weakness and God omnipotence, predestination, "Institutes of the Christian Religion", ministers became authority instead of bishops |
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| English King Henry initally opposed Protestantism; pope refused to annul marriage; broke from catholicism and became new head of church of england, daughter(queen elizabeth) created a mix b/t protestant(lutheran and calvinist) and catholic(bishops, communion) |
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| Calvinists; placed emphasis on conversion; promoted literacy and Bible study; authority rested in congregation |
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| outwork textile industry; Elizabeth reduced imports and increased exports which stimulated economy; swelled economy laid foundation for overseas colonization |
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| Due to an influx of American money and population rise in Europe, the scarcity of food plus increased amount of money caused an inflation which altered relations among social classes |
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| The decline of the nobility |
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- The aristocrats rented estates which provided secure income. As inflation arose, their purchasing power decreased while that of the gentry and yeomen increased due to thier shorter leases at higher rates. Yeomen profited off of inflation of food.
- the power of the gentry increased in their parliament as nobles lost power. A more representative gov't was rising.
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| increase in gold and silver spurred expansion of textile industry and profit minded landlords and wool merchants persuaded Parliament to pass laws that allowed owners to kick peasants off their lands, fence in their fields, and put sheep to graze there |
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- era of low global temperatures which caused crops to fall and grain prices to rise creating famine.
- used as persuasion for thousands of poor young men and women to migrate to America
- signed contracts known as indentures(exchange of freedom and labor for 4 or 5 years)
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| Pope and the uprising of 1680 |
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Native American Pope killed 400 spaniards and forced 1500 colonists 300 miles to el paso. They destroyed the lives of the spaniards and rebuilt their worship structures(kivas).
A decade later the spaniards came back and regained control. While they compromised, the NA still followed their religious and ways |
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| The French settlers introduced epidemics that killed most indian people. The barters of fur and guns caused a deadly war in which the iroquois and attacked other indian people. |
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- James 1 granted the Virginia company of London all the lands stretching from NC to NY
- trade with native population was primary goal
- most of the men died due to lack of practical conditions
- powhatan, john rolfe, pochantus
- imported tobacco seed created influx of English settlers, made indians mad
- created house of burgesses
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- began with struggle with Openchancanough, Pohwhatans younger brother
- uprising scared James 1 so he created a royal colony there instead
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the ownership of a human being as property
not recongized by english common law |
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| to win support for the house of burgesses, berkeley bough off legislators with land grants and appts as sheriffs and tax collectors. social unrest erupted withen the burgesses took the vote away from landlesss freemen, who constitued half the adult white men, property holding yeomen retained their voting rights but were angered by falling tobacco proces, political corruption and grevious taxations |
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