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| intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, etc. |
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| Cerebral hemispheres(cerebrum), Diencephalon, Brain stem, Cerebellum. |
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| thalamus + hypothalamus + epithalamus |
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| midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata |
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| external sheet of gray matter at surface of brain covering particular regions. |
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| Cortex contains ... cortices |
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| groups of neuron cell bodies (interior gray matter of the brain) |
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| Brain Ventricles: overview |
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Definition
| Continuous with each other and with central canal of spinal cord, Expansions of brain’s central cavity |
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| Brain ventricles: Filled with .... and lined by... |
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Definition
| Cerebrospinal fluid, ependymal cells. |
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| Brain ventricles: Lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) |
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Definition
| Located in cerebral hemispheres |
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| Brain ventricles: Third ventricle |
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| Brain ventricles: Fourth ventricle |
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Definition
| Located in the hindbrain (dorsal to the pons and the superior half of the medulla) |
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| Largest and most obvious portion of brain. |
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| Cerebrum: Left and right hemispheres are separated by... |
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| Cerebrum composes what % of brain's weight? |
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| The cerebrum is not completely separated due to the... |
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Tract of white matter that connects the 2 sides
FUNCTION: higher brain functions (specific to lobes) |
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| Cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the... |
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Definition
| transverse cerebral fissure. |
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| Cerebral features: Sulcus |
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Definition
| Shallow grooves found in the cerebral surface (plural – sulci) |
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| Portions of twisted brain ridges found between the sulci (plural – gyri) |
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| Forms the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere |
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| Frontal lobe is separated from parietal lobe by... |
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| Central sulcus, which runs along the coronal plane. |
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Definition
| initiating voluntary motor impulses for control of skeletal muscle (somatomotor area), analyzing some sensory info, personality |
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| Frontal Lobe: Broca's area |
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| Speech is controlled here. |
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| Understanding speech and listening. Cutaneous and muscle sensations (somatosensory area) |
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| Parietal lobe is dorsal to... |
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Definition
| Central sulcus, frontal lobe. |
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| Responsible for hearing- raw data only, receives sounds. Contains memory of audio/visual perceptions. |
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| Temporal lobe: Wernicke's area |
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Definition
| recognizes and understands words |
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| Temporal lobe is separated from frontal lobe by... |
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| speech/language disorders caused by damage to specific areas of the brain [a = without, phasis = speech] |
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Most dorsal lobe
Responsible for vision |
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Deep lobe that cannot be seen on surface
Function not as clear, appears to be involved in integration of other cerebral activities and memory |
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| Cerebral cortex, white matter, deep gray matter. |
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| Cerebral cortex: outer layer |
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Definition
| Gray matter (nerve cell bodies) |
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| Cerebral cortex: Convolutions |
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Definition
| folds and grooves which serve to triple the area. |
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| Cerebral cortex: Gyri (sing. gyrus) |
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Definition
| Elevated folds (ridges) of the convolutions |
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| Cerebral cortex: Sulci (sing. sulcus) |
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| Cerebral cortex: overview function |
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Definition
| Hemispheres control opposite sides of body, Cerebral hemispheres are similar in structure and share most functions (due to commissures) |
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| Cerebral cortex: Left hemisphere function |
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Definition
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| Cerebral cortex: Right hemisphere function |
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Definition
| Visual-spatial, intuition, art, music. |
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Definition
| Sensory, association, motor. |
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| Cerebral Cortex: Sensory area |
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Definition
Allow awareness of sensation
Each of the major senses has a sensory area (known as the primary sensory cortex) |
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| Cerebral Cortex: Association areas |
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Definition
Integrate information
Each of the major senses has an association area linked to its primary sensory cortex to process information (called sensory association areas) |
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| Cerebral cortex: Motor areas |
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Definition
| Control voluntary motor function. |
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Definition
| Located in parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes |
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| Sensory areas: Primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe): location |
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Definition
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| Sensory areas: Primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe): Function |
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Definition
| Collects somatic and proprioceptive info. Somatotophy-body mapping. Contralateral projection is exhibited. |
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| Sensory areas: Somatosensory association cortex (parietal lobe) |
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Definition
Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
Integration of sensory input –What did I just touch? |
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| Sensory areas: Visual areas |
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Definition
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| Sensory areas: Auditory areas |
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Definition
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| Sensory areas: Gustatory cortex |
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Definition
| taste, roof of lateral sulcus |
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| Sensory areas: Vestibular cortex |
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Definition
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| Sensory areas: Olfactory cortex |
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Definition
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| Sensory areas: Rhinencephalon (nose brain) |
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Definition
| connects to limbic system (portion involved in emotions) – smells can trigger emotions |
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Definition
| Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, frontal eye field, broca's area. |
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| Motor area: Primary motor cortex overview |
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Definition
| Primary motor area, Motor homunculus |
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Term
| Primary motor cortex: Pyramidal cells |
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Definition
| Large neurons that signal motor movements (voluntary) – contralateral |
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| Primary motor cortex: location |
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Definition
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| Motor areas: Premotor cortex location |
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Definition
| Anterior to precentral gyrus |
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| Motor areas: Premotor cortex function |
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Definition
| Deals with more complex movements, planning. |
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Term
| Cerebrum: Cerebral white matter |
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Definition
| Inner layer, consists of myelinated axons |
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Term
| Deep gray matter: locations |
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Definition
| Basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, and claustrum. |
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| Deep gray matter: Basal forebrain nuclei overview |
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Definition
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| Deep gray matter: Basal forebrain nuclei location |
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Definition
| Anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus |
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| Deep gray matter: Basal forebrain nuclei function |
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Definition
| Arousal, learning, memory, motor control. |
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| Deep gray matter: Basal ganglia overview |
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Definition
| 3 separate structures, located in white matter. |
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| Deep gray matter: Basal ganglia is not the same as... |
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Definition
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| Deep gray matter: Basal ganglia function |
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Definition
| Communicate with cerebral cortex, exact roles unknown, help to control movements. |
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| Forms central portion of forebrain, surrounded by cerebral hemisphered, 3 paired structures. |
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| Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus. |
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| 80% of diencephalon, egg shaped. |
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| Afferent impulses from senses to cerebral cortex. |
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| Inferior portion of diencephalon, pituitary gland projects inferiorly. |
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| Main visceral control center - contains many nuclei and is responsible for control of autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body temperature, hunger/thirst, behavior, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine system, and memory |
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| Most dorsal; one group of nuclei and the pineal gland |
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| Secretes melatonin (signals body to prepare for sleep) |
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Definition
| Same structural plan as spinal cord – outer white matter surrounds inner gray matter (unlike the spinal cord this gray matter has brain nuclei in it) |
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Definition
| Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival, acts as passageway for all tracts running from cerebrum to spinal cord, involved with innervation to face and head. |
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Definition
| Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain. |
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Definition
| Between the diencephalon and pons |
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| Involved with sympathetic motor, visual (follow moving objects) and auditory (turn toward loud noises) reflexes |
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Definition
| “Bridge” connecting cerebellum to brain stem |
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Definition
| Is a relay center for cranial nerves to areas in head |
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| Pons assists medulla in... |
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Definition
| respiratory control (rate and depth of breathing) |
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Term
| Medulla oblongata overview |
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Definition
| Most caudal part of the brain stem, continuous with spinal cord at foramen magnum. |
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| Medulla oblongata: Composition |
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Definition
| Made up of both white and gray matter, which is where nuclei for cranial nerves are located. |
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Term
| Medulla oblongata: Decussation (crossing) |
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Definition
| Contains nerve tracts that run between brain and spinal cord- most of which cross in pyramidal region (pyramids), allowing one side of the brain to receive info from and send info to the other side of the body. |
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| Medulla Oblongata: function |
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Definition
| Major center for autonomic function, especially cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor (smooth muscles in arterioles- can increase BP) |
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Definition
| 11% of brain’s mass; dorsal to pons and medulla |
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Definition
Smoothes and coordinates body movements
Helps maintain posture and equilibrium |
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Definition
| Outer cortex (gray), internal white matter, deep nuclei (gray) |
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| Cerebellum: function in depth |
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Definition
| Commands come FROM frontal lobe of cerebrum and go TO cerebellum, which integrates commands and sends signals to skeletal muscle for contraction (recruits motor units) – does “fine-tuning” |
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| Cerebellum also processes... |
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Definition
| impulses from proprioceptors...Sensory nerve endings within joints and tendons that are sensitive to changes in tension |
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Definition
| jerky, uncoordinated movements (similar to being intoxicated) |
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| Functional brain systems: overview |
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Definition
| Networks of neurons that function together despite not being in the same region of the brain. |
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| Functional brain systems: Limbic system overview |
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Definition
| Group of structures in medial sides of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon. Is “emotional brain”, also involved with memory. |
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| Functional brain systems: Limbic system: Amygdala |
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Definition
| subcortical gray matter containing nuclei for processing fear and response to fear. |
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Term
| Functional brain systems: Limbic system: Cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| allows us to shift between thoughts and express emotions through gestures. |
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Term
| Limbic system communicates with many other...; output mostly goes through...and... |
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Definition
| Brain regions, hypothalamus, reticular formation. |
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| Functional brain systems: Reticular formation location |
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Definition
| Through central core of medulla, pons, and midbrain. |
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Term
| Functional brain systems: Reticular formation composition |
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Definition
| Cluster of neurons with long axons that connect all over brain |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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Definition
| communicates with cerebellum and controls consciousness and alertness (severe injury can cause coma) |
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Term
| Brain protection: Meninges |
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Definition
| 3 connective tissue membranes that lie external to brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| Brain protection: Meninges 3 connective tissue |
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Definition
| Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| L. dura= hard, mater= mother. |
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| Dura mater: layers overview |
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Definition
| Periosteal, meningeal layers. The 2 layers are fused except where sinuses formed. |
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Term
| Dura mater: Periosteal layer |
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Definition
| is in contact with bone (located right below bones - periosteum) |
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| Dura mater: Meningeal layer |
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Definition
| forms external covering of brain. |
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Term
| Cranial vs spinal dura mater |
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Definition
| Cranial dura mater has 2 layers, but spinal has one. |
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| Arachnoid mater: location |
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Definition
| Located deep to dura mater – spaces in between dura mater and arachnoid are subdural spaces, containing fluid film |
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Term
| Arachnoid mater: composition |
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Definition
| Is net-like and contains subarachnoid space which contains CSF |
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| Arachnoid mater: relation to other areas of brain |
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Definition
| Subarachnoid space has weblike strands that connect arachnoid and pia mater (hence the arachnoid name- spider) |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin pia= soft, tender, gentle |
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Definition
| Made of modified loose CT |
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Term
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Definition
| Located directly on top of brain, spinal cord (bound to both) – clings tightly |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid: overview |
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Definition
| A filtrate of blood, but it’s clear – mostly made of water and small molecules |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid: Function |
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Definition
Protection and maintenance of brain and spinal cord
Provides cushioning (brain weighs 1.5kg, but in fluid it weighs 0.05kg)
Provides nourishment and waste removal |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid: Brain location |
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Definition
| outside in subarachnoid space and inside in ventricles |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid: Spinal cord location |
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Definition
| outside in subarachnoid space and inside in central spinal canal |
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Term
| Total CSF at any one time |
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Definition
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Term
| Circulation of CSF: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Made in choroid plexus (membrane in roofs of the 4 ventricles) |
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Term
| Circulation of CSF: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Travels through ventricles and into central spinal canal |
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Term
| Circulation of CSF: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Goes to subarachnoid space of spinal cord, then of brain |
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Term
| Circulation of CSF: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Gets dumped into CV system via subarachnoid villi, which dump into veins |
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Term
| Blood Brain Barrier: Overview |
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Definition
| Is a filtering system that keeps out certain cells and proteins, toxins, some drugs |
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Term
| Blood Brain Barrier: Composition |
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Definition
| Arrangement of capillaries, CT, and astrocytes |
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Term
| Blood Brain Barrier: function |
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Definition
| Allows in gases, glucose, ions, lipids, alcohol – (fat-soluble substances allowed in because they can diffuse across cell membranes) |
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Term
| Blood Brain Barrier is absent in certain...because brain must be able to... |
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Definition
| brain areas, react to circumstances (hypothalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs through vertebral canal from foramen magnum to the level of L1/L2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory and motor innervation of body (inferior to head). Provides 2-way path for body-brain signals. Center for reflexes |
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Term
| Spinal cord protection: Protected by... |
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Definition
| vertbrae, meninges, and CSF |
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Term
| Dura mater (of spinal cord) |
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Definition
| spinal dural sheath, different from dura mater of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| external to spinal dura, filled with fat and vein network (anesthesia administered here) |
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Term
| Spinal cord protection: Subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater are... |
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Definition
| continuous with those same brain elements. |
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Breakdown of spinal nerves |
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Definition
| 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 cocygeal |
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Term
| Spinal cord: Cauda Equina(horse's tail) |
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Definition
| nerve roots at caudal end of spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates region of emergence of spinal nerves– all lie SUPERIOR to corresponding vertebrae. Ex: spinal cord segment T1 is at the level of vertebra C7 |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter: composition |
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Definition
| Inner region composed of mostly neuron cell bodies |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter: Crossbar |
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Definition
| called Gray commissure-contains central canal, 2 posterior horns, 2 anterior horns. Forms 'H' |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter: Lateral horns |
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Definition
| thoracic and superior lumbar segments |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter: Posterior horns |
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Definition
| mostly interneurons receiving info from sensory neurons, whose cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter: Anterior and lateral horns |
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Definition
| Cell bodies of motor neurons-send axons out via ventral roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelinated and unmyelinated axons that allow communication between spinal cord + brain and between different spinal cord segments |
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Term
| Sensory and Motor Pathways must... |
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Definition
| decussate (cross from one side to the other) from one side of CNS to other side |
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Term
| Sensory and Motor Pathways: Composition |
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Definition
| Most are made up of a chain of 2-3 neurons that contribute to successive tracts |
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Term
| Sensory and Motor pathways: All pathways are paired... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory and Motor Pathways: Function |
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Definition
| Most exhibit body mapping (spatial arrangement) |
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Term
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Definition
| degenerative condition of basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow, jerky movements, muscle rigidity, difficulty initiating voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
Overstimulation of motor activities, limbs jerk uncontrollably
Inherited – genetic defect is known |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection – can spread and cause inflammation of brain (encephalitis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive CSF in ventricles or subarachnoid space, puts pressure on brain |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms mild and transient |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of brain tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| (bleeding from ruptured vessels into subdural or arachnoid) and swelling can occur |
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Term
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) – stroke |
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Definition
| Blockage/interruption of blood flow to brain (clot or burst vessel) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of blood to tissue (then no oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
Progressive degenerative disease
Loss of memory, short attention span, depression, disorientation – basal nuclei involved |
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Term
| Spinal cord damage (SCD): Paralysis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| damage between T1-L2: lower limbs affected (not upper) |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to cervical region (all 4 limbs affected), Motor neurons to diaphragm are in C3-C5; breathing affected |
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