Term
Asexual spores:
Conidia:
Arthroconidia:
Blastoconidia :
Chlamydoconidia :
Sporangiospores : |
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Definition
Asexual spores: primarily for fungal dispersal
Conidia: spores borne on conidiophores
Arthroconidia: fragmentation of pre-existing cells to spores
Blastoconidia: spores form by “blowing out” of the tip of a cell
Chlamydoconidia (chlamydospores): thick-walled spores formed by random cells in hyphae.
Sporangiospores: Spores formed in a special sac, sporangium, at the end of a sporangiophore |
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Term
| Characteristics of a Eukaryote? |
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Definition
An organism with internal membrane-bound organelles
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Other organelles
(chloroplasts)
Cytoskeleton with mictrotubules and microfilaments to control subcellular organization and cell shape
Chromosomes are linear |
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Term
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Definition
Uni- or multi-cellular, chemoheterotrophs, absorptive food acquisition, reproduce sexually or assemxually)
Filamentous growth (threadlike strands called hyphae), often branching. Growth of hyphae is at tips. Exception: yeasts which are unicellular
Fungi don't have stems, leaves, roots nor a vascular system
Rigid cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular, most motile, most chemoheterotrophs, absorptive food acquisition, often form cyst |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular, most motile, most chemoheterotrophs, absorptive food acquisition, often form cyst |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular, motile, chemoheterotrophs, ingestive food acquisition, complex life cycles |
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Term
Unicellular Fungi Reproduction:
Fission Yeasts:
Budding Yeasts: |
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Definition
Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically |
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Term
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Definition
| Molds: The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium |
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Term
FUNGAL SPORES
Sexual spores:
Zygospore:
Ascospore:
Basidiospore: |
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Definition
Sexual spores: primarily for dormancy or survival
Zygospore: fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore
Ascospore: formed in a sac (ascus)
Basidiospore: formed externally on a pedestal (basidium) |
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Term
FUNGAL SPORES PHASES
Three phase of sexual spore formation
Plasmogamy:
Karyogamy:
Meiosis: |
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Definition
Three phase of sexual spore formation
Plasmogamy: haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (−)
Karyogamy: + and − nuclei fuse
Meiosis: diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of two haploid cells produces one zygospore |
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Term
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Definition
Formed in a sac (ascus).
like mushroom |
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Term
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Definition
Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium), Basidia with basidiospores line the gills of
a mushroom |
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Term
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Definition
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Anamorphs (Deuteromycota)
Microsporidia: formerly considered a protist |
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Term
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Definition
Zygo: Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses
Asco: Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) |
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Term
Basidiomycota:
Deuteromycota (anamorphs): |
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Definition
Basidiomycota: Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses)
Deuteromycota: Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) |
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Term
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Definition
Microsporidia: Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) |
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Term
| Beneficial Economic effect of Fungi? |
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Definition
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bread, wine, HBV vaccine
Coniothyrium minitans: kills fungi
Paecilomyces: kills termites
Entomophaga: biocontrol
Trichoderma: cellulase |
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Term
| Fungal Diseases in Plants |
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Definition
Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic mycoses: deep within body
Subcutaneous mycoses: beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses: affect hair, skin, and nails
Superficial mycoses: localized, e.g., hair shafts
Opportunistic mycoses: caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
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Term
| Important diseases caused by Eukaryotic Microorganisms |
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Definition
Phytophthora infestans-
caused the Irish potato famine 1845-46, 1 million deaths, 1.5 million emigrated
Kingdom Stramenopila, phylum Oomycota
Magnaporthe oryzae
Rice blast fungus
Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota
Destroys rice that could feed 60 million people annually
Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium graminearum
Producers of deadly mycotoxins |
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Term
| Important diseases caused by Eukaryotic Microorgs again |
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Definition
Coccidioides immitis
Valley Fever fungus
Kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota
Trichopyton rubrum
Athletes foot, jock itch
Kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota
Candida albicans
Yeast infections, oral thrush
Kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota |
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Term
| Coccidiodes , the pathogen |
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Definition
Causes Valley Fever, aka coccidioidomycosis
Present in desert soils
Coccidioides immitis (CA, Baja,CA)
Coccidoides posadasii (AZ, TX, MX, Central and South America)
(Coccidium-like not mild)
Unique dimorphism
Requires Biological Safety Level 3 working conditions |
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Term
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Definition
After infection, most develop life-long immunity
Pathogen is infectious, not contagious
Moderate disease:
Cough, chest pain, fever, weight loss
Fatigue
Bone and joint pains (a.k.a. Desert Rheumatism)
Skin rashes (painful or intense itching)
Complications
dissemination
respiratory failure
meningitis
Course of illness
Weeks to months
1 of 4 college students are sick for > 4 months |
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Term
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Definition
Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus
Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides protection, water and minerals
Three types Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose |
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Term
Algae?
Kingdom :
Nutritional type:
multicellularity
cellular arrangement
food acquisition method
Characteristic features. |
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Definition
Kingdom : Protista
Nutritional type: Photoautotroph
multicellularity: some
cellular arrangement: unicellular, colonial. filamentous, tissues
food acquisition method: diffusion
Characteristic features: pigments, no ture roots, stem, leaves |
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Term
Algae and their habitats?
Green algae
Brown algae
Red algae |
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Definition
Green Algea : Red zone : 0-50m
Brown Algae : Orange/yellow: 50-150m
Red Algae: Violet/blue zone: 150-250+ |
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Term
| Diatom and Dinoflagellates |
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Definition
Unicellular algae, very abundant
Both can cause diseases: food poisoning, neurotoxins
Dinoflagellates can cause “red tides”
Diatoms Contributed to oil-deposit |
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Term
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Definition
Closely related to algae, but not an alga
Multicellular
Chemoheterotrophic, not chlorophyll
Cellulose cell walls
Vegetative cells are diploid
Produce zoospores
Decomposers and plant parasites
Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato blight
P. cinnamoni infects Eucalyptus
P. ramorum causes “sudden oak death”
Water molds |
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Term
Protozoa?
Kingdom :
Nutritional type:
multicellularity
cellular arrangement
food acquisition method
Characteristic features. |
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Definition
Kingdom : Various
Nutritional type: Chemoheterotrophs
multicellularity: none
cellular arrangement: unicellular
food acquisition method: absorptive;injestive
Characteristic features: Motility; some form cysts |
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Term
| CHaracteristics of protozoa |
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Definition
Vegetative form is a trophozoite
Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony
Sexual reproduction by conjugative
Some produce cysts
Contain well known and important microbes
Amebae
Ciliates
Apicomplexa (Plasmodium vivax) |
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Term
| Zygomycota Asexual reproduction |
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Definition
1. Aerial hyphae produce sporangium
2. Sporangium bursts to release spores
3. Spore germinates to produce hyphae
4. Vegetative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Zygomycota sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Begins from Vegetative Mycelium
1. Gametes form at tip of hypha
2. Plasmogamy
3. Zygospore forms
4. Karyogamy and meiosis
5. Zygote produces sporangium
6. Spores are released from sporangium
7. Spore germinates to produce hyphae
8. Vegetative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Ascomycota Asexual Reproduction |
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Definition
1. Hypha produces Conidiophore
2. Conidia are released from conidiophore
3. Conidium germinates to produce hyphae
4. Vegatative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Ascomycota Sexual Reproduction |
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Definition
Continues from vegetative mycelium
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
3. Meiosis followed by mitosis
4. Ascus opens to release ascospores
5. Ascospore germinates to produce hyphae
6. Vegatative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Basidiomycota Asexual Reproduction |
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Definition
1. Hyphal fragment breaks off vegetative mycelium
2. Fragment grows to produce new mycelium
3. Vegatative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Basidiomycota Sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Continues from vegetative mycelium
1. Plasmogamy
2. Fruiting structure (mushroom) develops
3. Basidiospores are formed by meiosis
4. Basidiospores mature and are discharged
5. Basidiospore germinates to produce hyphae
6. Vegetative mycelium grows |
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Term
| Microsporidia asexual repro |
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Definition
1. Spores are ingested or inhaled
2. Spore injects tube into host cell
3. Cytoplasm and nucleus enter
4. Cytoplasm grows and nuclei reproduce
5. Cytoplasm breaks up around nuclei to form spores
6. New Spores released |
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Term
| OOmycota (not a fungus) Sexual Reproduction |
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Definition
Continues from Vegetative Hyphae on organic matter
Produce male and female hyphae
Male antheridial hyphae insert their nucei into female oogonium
Zygotes are released
Zygote germinates |
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Term
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Definition
Vegetative hyphae grow on organic matter
Hyphae make sporangia
Motile zoospores leave sporangium
Zoospore germinates on new host |
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Term
| Chracteristics of protozoa |
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Definition
Trophozoite- Vegetative form of Protista
Asexual reproduction- budding, fission, and schizogony(Asexual reproduction by multiple fission)
Conjugative sexual reproduction
Can produce cysts
Well known microbes
Amebae
Ciliates
Apicomplexa (Plasmodium vivax)= Malaria |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside of the body they grow like mold. The higher temperature inside the body makes them grow like yeast. This allows them to better infect. |
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