Term
| The contents of the __________ are enclosed by the _________ __________. |
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Definition
| Nucleus, nuclear envelope |
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Term
A typical ________ _________ includes:
Chromosomes as extended fibers of _________
___________ for rRNA synthesis
__________ as the fluid where solutes are dissolved.
The ____________, which is the protein- containing fibrillar network. |
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Definition
Nondividing nucleus
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear Matrix |
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Term
| The ______________ is a structure that divides the nucleus from its _______________. |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope, cytoplasm |
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Term
| The nuclear envelope consists of two membranes seperated by a ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nuclear envelope has two membranes that fuse in certain places to form a __________________. Several ________________ _________ present. |
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Definition
| Nuclear Pore, pores, present |
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Term
| The nuclear _______________ in the nuclear envelope is continuous with the ___________ and intermembrane space if continous with ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner surface of the nuclear envelope is lined by the __________________________. |
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Definition
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Term
The ___________ __________;
______ the nucelear envelppe
It is composed of _______, which are intermediate filament superfamily members.
The integrity of the nuclear lamina is regulated by _____________ and _________________ and ________________ of lamins causes disassembly before mitosis.
Hutchin-Gilford progeria syndrome is called by _______________________________. |
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Definition
Nuclear Lamina
Supports
Lamins
Phophorylation, dephosphyorylation and phosphorylation
Defect mutations in lamins |
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Term
The structure of the __________________ and it's role in ___________________ exchange:
Large numbers of _______ and ______ are transported in and out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores contain the _____________ that appears to fill the pore like a stopper
________________ symmetry
NPS is composed of ______ proteins called ____________ |
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Definition
Nuclear pore complex, nucleocytoplasmic
proteins, RNA
Nuclear pore complex
Octagonal
~30, nucleoporins |
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Term
| Proteins synthezied in the cytoplasm are targeted for the nucleus by the ___________________. |
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Definition
| Nuclear localization Signal (NLS) |
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Term
| Classic NLS is one or two short stretches of _________________ amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins with an NLS bind to an NLS receptor (________________). |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ of the nuclear pore complex changes as the protein passes through. |
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Definition
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Term
| RNAs move through the NPCs as RNPs and carry _____________ to pass through. |
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Definition
| Nuclear export signals (NEC) |
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Term
| The transport receptor for NES is _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain exportins and importins are thought to act ____________ as well for ______/________. |
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Definition
| On each other, import/export |
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Term
| Ran-GTP is involved in most _____ and _____ events and ________ is sole energy source for transport. |
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Definition
| Import, export, GTP hydrolysis |
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Term
Packaging the _______:
Challenge: fitting _____ worth of DNA in a _______ nucleus and not have ________ tangle up with eachother. |
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Definition
| 2m, 10 micromemters, tangle |
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Term
| Chromosomes are composed of DNA and associated _________, which together is called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein component of chromosomes includes ________, a group of 5 classes of proteins, each highly conserved among eukaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Histones have a ____ content of _________ amino acids (for binding to _________ charged DNA) |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and histones are organized into repeating subunits called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ are the most basic level of ______________ organization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each nucleosome includes a _____________ composed of _________ DNA and histone H1 serving as a ________ histone. |
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Definition
| Core particle, supercoiled, linker |
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Term
| Histone H1 binds _____ that connects one nucleosome core particle to the next. |
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Definition
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Term
| The histone core complex consists of two molecules each of _____, _____, ____, and _____ forming an _______. |
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Definition
| H2A, H2B, H3, H4, octamer |
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Term
| DNA is wrapped _____ around the core complex. |
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Definition
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Term
| About _____ base pairs interact with a single core complex plus _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and histones are held together by ________ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ and _____________ are one mechanism to alter the character of nucleosomes. |
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Definition
| Histone modification and histone variants |
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Term
| Some histone variants promote ______ and some suppress it. |
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Definition
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Term
| A 30 nm-wide filaments is the ___________ level of _________ packaging maintained by histone ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the _______ level of chromatin structure, chromatin filaments are organized into large ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
The presence of ______ in ______ can be seen:
In ________ chromosomes from which _______ have been extracted.
In meitoc ______________ from amphibian oocytes. |
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Definition
Loops, chromatin
Mitotic, histones
Lampbrush chromosomes |
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Term
| All chromatin is _______ during mitosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ remains condensed during ____________. |
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Definition
| Heterochromatin, interphase |
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Term
| _____________________ remains condensed all the time. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ is inactivated during certain _________ of the organisms life. |
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Definition
| Faculative heterochromatin, phases |
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Term
| _______________ returns to dispersed states after __________, |
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Definition
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Term
____________ heterochromatin:
Found mostly around ____________ and __________.
Consists of___________ sequences and few genes. |
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Definition
Consitutive
Telomeres, centromeres
Highly repeated |
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Term
__________ heterochromatin:
A one of the _____ chromosomes in each cell as a female undergoes X inactivation (seen as a ___________.
Which X chromosomes becomes ________ is _______, making adult females genetic _________. |
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Definition
Faculative
X, barr body
inactivated, random, mosaics |
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Term
| Chromatin of a mitotic cell exists in it's ____________________ state. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ is a preparation of ________ pairs ordered according to __________. |
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Definition
| karyotype, homologous, sizze |
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Term
| The pattern on a _________ may be used to screen chromosomal _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The end of each chromosome is called a ________ and is distinguised by a set of repeated ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Telomere caps prevent ______ and __________________. |
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Definition
| Chromosome degradation, fusion of chromosomes. |
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Term
| New repeated of telomeres are added by ________, a reverse __________ that synthesizes DNA from an RNA __________. |
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Definition
| Telomerase, transcriptase, template |
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Term
| Telomerase is required for the complete ____________ of the chromosome. Without telomerase, the ________ get shorter and shorter with each _______ _________. |
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Definition
| Replication, chromosome, cell division |
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Term
| Most cells do not have telomerase, except _____ cells and cells that continuously _______ throughout the organisms life. This effectively ______ how many times a cell can ________. |
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Definition
| Germline, divide, limites, divide |
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Term
| __________ shortening is implicated in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lack of __________ helps guard against _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ is located at the site markedly indented on a _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Centromeres contain ___________ heterochromatin and a unique __________ variant, CENP-A. |
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Definition
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Term
| Centromeric DNA is the site of ____________ during mitosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Centromeres in ________ consist of a very long stetch of _____ bp repeat of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| A specific DNA sequence is __________ for centromere _________ and __________. |
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Definition
| not important, structure, function |
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Term
| _________ inheritance depends on factors other than DNA _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parental histones can be inherited and can determine the ________________ found in newly synthesized histones. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ cells selectively _________ genes to use the available resources effectively. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of ________ in the medium ________ the synthesis of the enzyme B-galactosidase. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of _________ in the medium _______ the genes that encodes enzymes for tryptophan synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
An _________ is a functional complex of genes containing the information for _________ of a metabolic pathway. It includes:
______________ code for the enzymes themselves. Multiple different proteins are often translated from a single mRNA.
________________- where the RNA polymerase binds
________________- site next to the __________, where the regulatory proteins can bind.
The ____________ that encodes the __________ protein for the operon is often found on the mRNA as well. |
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Definition
operon, enzymes
structural genes
promoter
operator, promoter
regulatory gene, repressor |
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Term
The bacterial ________:
The __________ protein binds to a specific DNA sequence to determine whether or not a particular gene is _________.
___________ protein activity (whether it is bound to DNA or not bound to DNA) depends on its protein _________.
Typically, a key compound in the pathway in which the ______ is involved binds to the ______ protein, activating or deactivating __________. |
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Definition
Operon
Repressor, transcribed
Repressor, conformation
Operon, repressor, transcription |
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Term
| The lac operon is an ____________, which is turned in the presence of lactose (________). |
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Definition
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Term
| The lax operon contains ___________ genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its ________ and making it unable to bind to the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its ________ and making it unable to bind to the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its ________ and making it unable to bind to the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A repressor protein can bind to the operator and _____ transcription in the absence of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
The _____ operon:
The ______ exerts negative control.
The _____________ is an example of positive control
When glucose is not available, ATP is depleted and _______ builds up.
Cyclic amp (cAMP) acts by binding to a _______________
Binding of CRP-cAMP to the _____ control region changes the conformation of DNA thus allowing _________ to transcribe the lac operon. |
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Definition
lac
lac repressor
glucose effect
cAMP
cAMP receptor protein
lac, RNA polymerase |
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Term
the _______ operon:
It is a ______________ which is turned off in the presence of _______.
The trp operon repressor is active only when it is bound to a ________ such as tryptophan. |
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Definition
trp
Repressible operon, tryptophan
corepressor |
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