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| the name means tough mother; it forms a tough, fibrous sac around the CNS |
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| the actual space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers |
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| the name means spider-like; it is a thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by web-like filaments |
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| the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid |
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| the name means soft mother; it is the innermost membrane layer and is applied directly to the surface of the brain |
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| transports impulses for sense of smell |
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| carries impulses for sense of sight |
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| motor impulses for eye muscle movement and pupil of eye |
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| controls oblique muscle of eye on each side |
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| carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw |
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| controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side |
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| controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior) |
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| responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing; also called auditory nerve |
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| carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue |
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| supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities |
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| controls the nech and shoulder muscles |
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| pertaining to the cerebellum |
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| pertaining to the cerebrum |
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| pertaining to the cerebrum and spine |
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| record of brain's electricity |
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| meninges and spinal cord hernia |
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| gray matter of spinal cord inflammation |
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| surgical repair of nerves |
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| inflammation of many nerves |
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| abesence of pain or sensation |
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| lack of muscle coordination |
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| sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure |
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| involuntary nervous disorder that results in muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles |
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| abnormal deep sleep or stupor resulting from an illness or injury |
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| condition of being awake and aware of surroundings |
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| severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations; these have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions |
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| an abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation |
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| progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing the activities of daily living; patients have little awareness of their condition; found in disorders such as Alzheimer's |
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| a localized epileptic seizure often affecting one limb |
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| a type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions; it is also called a tonic-clonic seizure, indicating that the seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic) |
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| weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body |
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| paralysis on only one side of the body |
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| pertaining to within the meninges |
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| condition of sluggishness or stupor |
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| a physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means |
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| temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement |
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| temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement |
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| paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs |
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| an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling |
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| petit mal seizure or absence seizure |
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| a type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activity |
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| pain in the low back that radiates down the back of a leg caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve from a herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| sudden attack of severe muscular contractions associated with a loss of consciousness; this seen in gland mal epilepsy |
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| any condition that interferes with sleep other than environmental noises; can include difficulty sleeping (insomnia), extreme sleepiness (somnolence), nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and apnea |
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| spasmodic, involuntary muscular contraction involving the head, face, mouth, eyes, neck, and shoulders |
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| involuntary quivering movement of a part of the body |
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| condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli |
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| chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between 40 and 60; involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease |
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| disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord |
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| tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells |
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| one-sided facial paralysis iwth an unknown cause; the person cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression; the patient will eventually recover |
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| intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; a benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue |
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| localized abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel; a ruptured -- is a common cause of a hemorrhagic CVA |
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| bruising of the brain from a blow or impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock |
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| nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect or trauma at the time of birth |
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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| commonly called a stroke; the development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain; blood flow can be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), a stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; the extent of damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and often includes dysphagia and hemiplegia |
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| injury to the brain that results from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact; can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock; symptoms last 24 hours or less |
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| congenital gap in the skull with the brain protruding through the gap |
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| mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord |
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| recurrent disorder of the brain in wich seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain |
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| disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering; may be caused by an autoimmune reaction; characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control in the arms and legs; symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm |
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| disease of the central nervous system that results in progressive dementia with bizarre involuntary movements of parts of the body |
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| accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged; it is treated by creating an artificial shunt for the fluid to leave the brain |
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| slow-growing tumor in the meninges of the brain |
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| congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column |
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| a specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, photophobia, vertigo, and nausea |
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| inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves |
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| disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse |
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| congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column |
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| chronic disorder in which there is an extreme uncontrollable desire to sleep |
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| chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait |
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| combination of symptoms in wich there is acute encephalopathy and various organ damage; this occurs in children under 15 years of age who have had a viral infection; for this reason, it's not recommended for children to use aspirin |
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| eruption of vesicles on the trunk of the body along a nerve path; can be painful and generally occurs on only one side of the body; thought to be caused by the Herpes zoster virus |
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| congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close; results in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele - meninges or the spinal cord being pushed through the opening; can also result in other defects, such as hydrocephalus |
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| damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma; spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed |
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| mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma; may exert fatal pressure on the brain if the -- is not drained by surgery |
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| painful condition in which the trigeminal nerve is affected by pressure or degeneration; the pain is of a severe stabbing nature and radiates from the jaw and along the face |
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| transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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| temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis; may eventually lead to a full-blown stroke (CVA) |
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| reflex test to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system; this is present if the great toe extends instead of flexes when the lateral sole of the foot is stroked; the normal response to this stimulation is flexion of the toe |
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| injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation to determine the function and abnormality of the brain |
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| X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after the injection of a radiopaque dye |
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
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| laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord; infections and the abnormal presence of blood can be detected in this test |
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| recording of the ultrasonic echoes of the brain; useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in the brain |
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| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| recording the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp; also used in sleep studies to determine if there is a normal pattern of activity of sleep |
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| recording of the contraction of muscles as a result of receiving electrical stimulation |
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| lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal pucture or spinal tap |
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| puncture with a needle into the lumbar area (usually the fourth intervertebral space) to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia |
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| injection of a radiopaque dye into the spinal canal; an X-ray is then taken to examine the normal and abnormal outlines made by the dye |
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| X-ray examination of the brain following withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid and injection of air or gas via spinal puncture |
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| position emission tomography (PET) |
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| use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections; measurment can be taken of oxygen and glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow, and blood volume; the amount of glucose the brain uses indicates how metabolically active the tissue is |
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| test that is used to establish neurological function; the person is asked to close his or her eyes and place the feet together; this test for body balance is positive if the patient sways when the feet are closed |
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| surgical procedure for removing an obstruction within the carotid artery, a major artery in the neck that carries oxygenated blood to the brain; developed to prevent strokes, but is found to be useful only in severe stenosis with TIA |
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| cerebrospinal fluid shunts |
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| a surgical procedure in which a bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid; it is used to treat hydrocephalus by draining the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and diverting it to the abdominal cavity |
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| removal of part of the spinal cord |
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| use of extreme cold to destroy brain tissue; used to control bleeding and treat brain tumors |
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| removal of a portion of a vertebra in order to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve |
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| method of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory stimulation along a nerve path |
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| excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system; could include a nerve or a ganglion |
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| process of cutting out a piece of bone in the skull to gain entry into the brain or relieve pressure |
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| non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain; includes aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen |
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| drugs that produce a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness |
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| blocks function of the parasympathetic nervous system; used to treat intestinal, bladder, and bronchial spasms |
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| reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures |
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| a drug that depresses CNS activity; used as a sedative and an anticonvulsant |
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| group of medications to treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present |
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| morphine and related drugs used to treat severe pain; these drugs have the potential to be habit forming if taken for a prolonged time |
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| a drug that has a relaxing or calming effect |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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| electroencephalogram, electroencephalography |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| transient ischemic attack |
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