Term
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Definition
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| __________ is a nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to another |
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Definition
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Definition
| British scientist who wanted to figure out how pneumonia was produced by bacteria |
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Definition
| found two different strands of bacteria |
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| When Griffith injected mice with the smooth bacteria the mice _______? |
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| When griffith injected mice with rough bacteria the mice ________? |
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Definition
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| The mice lived after did what to the smooth bacteria? |
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Definition
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| When frederick mixed the "killed," smooth bacteria with rough bacteria and injected it into the mice what happened? |
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Definition
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| Griffith found that the mice's loungs were filled with _____________ after the mixture. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wantd to find out what factor was needed for transformation |
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| When Avery added an enzyme that destroyed everything except DNA to the heat-killed bacteria what happened? |
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Definition
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| When Very added an enzyme that destroyed DNA to the heat killed bacteria what happend? |
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Definition
| transformation did not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA was the transforming factor |
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Term
| Nonliving particles that infect living organisims are known as: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains DNA or RNA core & protein coat |
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Definition
| enters a bacteria when the virus attatches to a cell and injects its DNA into the cell |
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| The conclusion of the ________________ stated that genetic material was DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ contain sulfer but almost no phospate |
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Definition
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| _______ contains phospate but no sulfur |
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Definition
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Term
| The Hershey-Chase experiment tested bacteria for what? |
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Definition
| phosperous (32 P) and sulfate (35 S) |
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Term
| In the Hersey Chase experiment the goal was to find out: |
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Definition
| if genes were made up of protein for DNA |
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Term
| Nucleotides contain ________, _________, and _______ |
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Definition
| 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
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Term
| The back bone of DNA is made of? |
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Definition
| sugar and phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine and guanine (2 rings) |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine and thymine (1 ring) |
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Term
According to Chargaff's rules:
________ and ____________ are equal and the percentages of _________ and ________ are also equal |
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Definition
cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
adenine (A) and thymine (T) |
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Term
| Who used x-ray diffraction to discover the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered that DNA was a double helix structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The double helix can be described as a(n) what? |
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Definition
| twisted ladder or spiral staircase |
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Term
| In a double helix _______ form between _________ to hold the two strands. This is known as base pairing |
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Definition
- hydrogenous bonds
- nitrogenous bases
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Term
what is the name of this stucture?[image]
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Definition
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Term
| in a double helix A bonds with _ and C binds with _ |
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Definition
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| _______ DNA is located in the cytpolasm |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic DNA have a singular, _________ chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ located in the cell nucleus |
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Definition
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| Eukaryotic contain both _________ and ________ packed together to form chromatin |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromatin consists of what? |
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Definition
| DNA coiled around proteins called histones |
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Term
| DNA replicates itself before what? |
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Definition
| seperating into two strands and producing two new complimentary strands following the rules of base pairing |
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Term
| During Prokaryotic Replication... |
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Definition
| replication begins at a single point in the chromosomes and proceeds in two different directions |
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Term
| ___________ occurs at many places and proceeds in both directions |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic DNA Replication |
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Term
| What are replication forks? |
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Definition
| the sites where DNA seperation and replication occur |
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Term
| Inorder for DNA replication to occur... |
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Definition
| enzymes must "unzip" a molecule of DNA |
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Term
| During the "unzipping," hydrogen bonds between base pairs are... |
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Definition
| broken and the two strands of molecule unwind |
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Term
| DNA plymearse is an enzyme that combines individual ___________ to produce _____. And __________ new DNA strands |
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Definition
- nucleotides
- DNA
- proof-reads
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Term
| Sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base make up what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference inbetween DNA and RNA |
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Definition
DNA
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deoxyribose (sugar)
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double stranded
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thymine
RNA
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ribose (sugar)
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single stranded
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uracil
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Term
What are the three types of RNA?
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Definition
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Term
| What carries the instructions for assembing amino acids into protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and proteins make up ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What transfers each amino acid trait to its approprate ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcription is a process in which what happens? |
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Definition
| RNA molecules are produced part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary sequence in RNA |
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Term
| RNA Polymearse is an enzyme that does what? |
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Definition
| seperates the DNA strands during transcription |
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Term
| _____ polymearse binds to promoters which have specific base sequence |
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Definition
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Definition
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| ______ don't code for proteins |
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Definition
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| _______ code for proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Both introns and exons are copied when? |
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Definition
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| Amino acids join together to form |
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Definition
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Term
| The four bases of RNA are _, _, _, and _? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each (3-letter) group in a genetic code is referred to as a(n)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each codon has a specific what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "start" codon for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "stop" codons that specify the end of a polypeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is the decoding of an mRNA into a polypeptide chair |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation takes place on _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation produces what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step of translation? |
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Definition
| mRNA must be transcribed from DNA |
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Term
| What is the second step of translation? |
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Definition
| an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attatches to a ribosome |
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Term
| What is the third step of translation? |
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Definition
| As each codon of the mRNA moves through the ribosome, the correct amino acid is brought into the ribosome to attatch to the polypeptide chain. |
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Term
| What is the fouth step of translation? |
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Definition
Each anticodon from tRNA matches up with a codon.
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Term
| What is the fifth step of translation? |
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Definition
| Ribosomes form a peptide bond between the 1st and 2nd amino acid |
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Term
| What is the sixth step of translation? |
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Definition
| The previosuly formed ribosomes break the bond holdingg the tRNA to its amino acids |
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Term
| What is the seventh step of translation? |
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Definition
| the ribosomes moves to the 3rd codon and repeats the process |
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Term
| What is the eighth step of translation? |
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Definition
| When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA molecues |
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Term
| What is the final step of translation? |
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Definition
| ribosomes release the polypeptide and mRNA |
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Term
| RNA can be compared to as a what of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are the proteins building site in the cytoplasm in which RNA molecules go to. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
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Term
| _________ are mutations that affect one nucleotide and occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| Point mutations can do what? |
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Definition
| substitue one nucleotide for another |
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Term
| __________ shift the reading frame of the genetic message. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alter a protein so that it is unable to perform its normal functions |
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Term
| Insertion or deletion would be an example of what type of mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomal mutations can do what? |
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Definition
| change the locations of genes or number of copies of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a loss of all or part of a chromosome |
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Term
| Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Transloction are all examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When a segment of a chromosome is repeated
Example
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Term
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Definition
| When part of a chromosomal is oriented in the reverse of the usual direction |
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Term
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Definition
When part of a chromosome breaks off and attatches to another, homologos chromosome
Example
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Autism
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Schizophrenia
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Cancer
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Term
| Whats the word used for a group of genes that operate together? |
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Definition
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| _______ tells the cells of the body which organs and structeres to develop into as the body grows. |
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| Where are hox genes located? |
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Definition
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