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Chapter 12 Birds and Mammals
Birds and Mammals
44
Science
7th Grade
05/07/2013

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Term
5 Characteristics of Birds
Definition
1. Is endothermic
2. Is a vertebrate
3. Has feathers
4. Has a four-chambered heart.
5. Lays eggs
Term
4 Adaptations Birds have for flight
Definition
1. Hallow bones
2. Forelimbs form wings
3. Large chest muscles to move wings
4. Feathers help birds fly
Term
contour feather
Definition
one of the large feathers that give shape to a bird’s body.
Term
down feather
Definition
short, fluffy feathers that are specialized to trap heat and keep the bird warm
Term
type of heart/circulatory system of a bird
Definition
a 4 chambered heart with 2 loops
Term
list advantages of a 4 chambered heart
Definition
1. oxygen-rich blood does not mix with oxygen-poor blood
2. blood carried to the cells of the body has plenty of oxygen
Term
How does bill/beak shape affect birds
Definition
allows them to eat quickly and efficiently, adapted to their food source
Term
list 3 things that birds use their beak for
Definition
1. Capture their food
2. Grip their food
3. Handle their food
Term
crop
Definition
internal storage tank for storing food inside the body after swallowing it.
Term
list 2 parts of a birds stomach
Definition
Part 1: food is broken down with chemicals
Part 2: Gizzard
Term
gizzard
Definition
thick-walled, muscular part of the stomach
Term
how do birds maintain their body temperature?
Definition
eating lots of food (25% of their body weight per day) and down feathers trap warm air
Term
what type of eggs do birds lay?
Definition
hard shelled eggs
Term
two adaptations that birds have to live in their environments
Definition
1. Adaptations of the shapes of their legs, claws, and bills.
2. Birds also have adaptations for finding mates and caring for their young.
Term
3 roles of birds in the environment
Definition
1. pollination
2. spreading seeds
3. eating pests
Term
lift
Definition
The difference in pressure between the upper and lower surfaces of a bird’s wings that produces an upward force that causes the bird to rise.
Term
three types of bird flight
Definition
1. flapping
2. soaring/gliding
3. diving
Term
soaring flight
Definition
rising on warm air currents
Term
gliding flight
Definition
using cool air currents to move down
Term
5 characteristics of mammals
Definition
1. Is Endothermic
2. Is a vertebrate
3. Has a four-chambered heart
4. Has skin covered with fur or hair
5. Feeds young with milk produced by the mothers body
Term
mammary glands
Definition
An organ in female mammals that produces milk for the mammal’s young.
Term
how are teeth important for mammals?
Definition
Their teeth are adapted to chew their food and can be used to tell what type of food they eat.
Term
list the 4 different types of mammal teeth
Definition
1. Incisors
2. Canines
3. Premolars
4. Molars
Term
incisors
Definition
teeth flat-edged to bite off and cut food
Term
canines
Definition
teeth pointed to stab food and tear into it
Term
premolars
Definition
teeth flat for shredding
Term
molars
Definition
teeth broad, flat upper surfaces for grinding
Term
how do mammals breathe
Definition
A. Mammals breathe in and out with their lungs because of the combined action of rib muscles and their diaphragm
Term
diaphragm
Definition
A large muscle located at the bottom of a mammal’s rib cage that functions in breathing.
Term
what type of circulatory system to mammals have?
Definition
a four-chambered heart and a two-loop circulatory system
Term
what are the two ways that mammals maintain homeostasis (keep internal conditions stable)
Definition
1. They use the energy they get from their food
2. They have fur or hair at some point in their lives
Term
How do animals move?
Definition
Mammals have adaptations that allow them to move and survive in many habitats.
Term
How is a mammal's nervous system adapted for life?
Definition
1. The brains of mammals enable them to learn, remember, and behave in complex ways.
2. The senses of mammals are highly developed and adapted for the way they live.
Term
list the three groups of mammals
Definition
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental mammals
Term
monotremes
Definition
Egg-laying mammals,
Term
examples of monotremes
Definition
1. two species of spiny anteaters
2. duck-billed platypus.
Term
gestation period
Definition
the length of time between fertilization and birth.
Term
marsupials
Definition
mammals whose young are born at an early stage of development, and they usually continue to develop in a pouch on their mother’s body.
Term
placental mammal
Definition
mammal develops inside its mother’s body until it’s body systems can function on their own
Term
placenta
Definition
an organ in pregnant female mammals that passes materials between the mother and the developing embryo
Term
what transfers through the placenta?
Definition
1. Food and oxygen pass from the mother to her young
2. Wastes pass from the young to the mother, who eliminates them
Term
Compare the gestation periods of marsupials and placental mammales
Definition
marsupials have a very short period in mothers body, develop in pouch after being born until they can function alone.
placental mammals have a long period, until all systems can function alone
Term
How are placental mammals classified?
Definition
Based on characteristics such as how they move and what they eat
Term
Compare and contrast the way that mammals and birds care for their young.
Definition
Birds care for their young only until they can fly, usually just a month.
Mammals care for their young until they can survive on their own, often a few years.
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