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Chapter 12 and 13 vocabulary
Chapter 12 and 13 vocabulary
42
Environmental Studies
12th Grade
10/11/2016

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Term
drift-net fishing
Definition
Catching fish in huge nets that drift in the water.
Term
alley cropping
Definition
Planting of crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side.
Term
animal manure
Definition
Dung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer. Compare green manure.
Term
aquaculture
Definition
Growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced-in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries. See fish farming, fish ranching.
Term
commercial inorganic fertilizer
Definition
Commercially prepared mixture of plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium applied to the soil to restore fertility and increase crop yields. Compare organic fertilizer.
Term
compost
Definition
Partially decomposed organic plant and animal matter used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer.
Term
conservation-tillage farming
Definition
Crop cultivation in which the soil is disturbed little (minimum-tillage farming) or not at all (no-till farming) to reduce soil erosion, lower labor costs, and save energy.
Term
contour farming
Definition
Plowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion.
Term
conventional-tillage farming
Definition
Crop cultivation method in which a planting surface is made by plowing land, breaking up the exposed soil, and then smoothing the surface.
Term
crop rotation
Definition
Planting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion. A plant such as corn, tobacco, or cotton, which removes large amounts of nitrogen from the soil, is planted one year. The next year a legume such as soybeans, which adds nitrogen to the soil, is planted.
Term
desertification
Definition
Conversion of rangeland, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desertlike land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10% or more. It usually is caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.
Term
feedlot
Definition
Confined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock.
Term
fertilizer
Definition
Substance that adds inorganic or organic plant nutrients to soil and improves its ability to grow crops, trees, or other vegetation. See commercial inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer.
Term
fish farming
Definition
Form of aquaculture in which fish are cultivated in a controlled pond or other environment and harvested when they reach the desired size.
Term
fish ranching
Definition
Form of aquaculture in which members of a fish species such as salmon are held in captivity for the first few years of their lives, released, and then harvested as adults when they return from the ocean to their freshwater birthplace to spawn.
Term
fungicide
Definition
Chemical that kills fungi.
Term
green manure
Definition
Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.
Term
green revolution
Definition
Popular term for introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with high enough inputs of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields.
Term
herbicide
Definition
Chemical that kills a plant or inhibits its growth.
Term
industrialized agriculture
Definition
Using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale.
Term
insecticide
Definition
Chemical that kills insects.
Term
integrated pest management (IPM)
Definition
Combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal.
Term
intercropping
Definition
Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped..
Term
micronutrients
Definition
Chemical elements that organisms need in small or even trace amounts to live, grow, or reproduce. Examples are sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine.
Term
monoculture
Definition
Cultivation of a single crop, usually on a large area of land.
Term
organic farming
Definition
Producing crops and livestock naturally by using organic fertilizer (manure, legumes, compost) and natural pest control (bugs that eat harmful bugs, plants that repel bugs, and environmental controls such as crop rotation) instead of using commercial inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides and herbicides.
Term
organic fertilizer
Definition
Organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost, applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients.
Term
pesticide
Definition
Any chemical designed to kill or inhibit the growth of an organism that people consider undesirable.
Term
plantation agriculture
Definition
Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries.
Term
polyculture
Definition
Complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together. See also intercropping.
Term
salinization
Definition
Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.
Term
shifting cultivation
Definition
Clearing a plot of ground in a forest, especially in tropical areas, and planting crops on it for a few years (typically 2-5 years) until the soil is depleted of nutrients or the plot has been invaded by a dense growth of vegetation from the surrounding forest. Then a new plot is cleared and the process is repeated. The abandoned plot cannot successfully grow crops for 10-30 years.
Term
slash-and-burn cultivation
Definition
Cutting down trees and other vegetation in a patch of forest, leaving the cut vegetation on the ground to dry, and then burning it. The ashes that are left add nutrients to the nutrient-poor soils found in most tropical forest areas. Crops are planted between tree stumps. Plots must be abandoned after a few years (typically 2-5 years) because of loss of soil fertility or invasion of vegetation from the surrounding forest.
Term
soil conservation
Definition
Methods used to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of soil nutrients, and restore nutrients already lost by erosion, leaching, and excessive crop harvesting.
Term
soil erosion
Definition
Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.
Term
strip cropping
Definition
Planting regular crops and close-growing plants, such as hay or nitrogen-fixing legumes, in alternating rows or bands to help reduce depletion of soil nutrients.
Term
subsistence farming
Definition
Supplementing solar energy with energy from human labor and draft animals to produce enough food to feed oneself and family members; in good years enough food may be left over to sell or put aside for hard times.
Term
sustainable agriculture
Definition
Method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological pest control, and minimal use of nonrenewable fossil-fuel energy.
Term
terracing
Definition
Planting crops on a long, steep slope that has been converted into a series of broad, nearly level terraces with short vertical drops from one to another that run along the contour of the land to retain water and reduce soil erosion.
Term
traditional intensive agriculture
Definition
Producing enough food for a farm family's survival and perhaps a surplus that can be sold. This type of agriculture uses higher inputs of labor, fertilizer, and water than traditional subsistence agriculture. See traditional subsistence agriculture.
Term
traditional subsistence agriculture
Definition
Production of enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival and, in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times.
Term
windbreak
Definition
Row of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land.
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