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| Define anatomy and physiology. |
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Definition
the science of the structure of living organisms
is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole |
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| Identify the level of organization found in the human body, chemical to organism |
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Definition
| Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules →Organelles → Cells →Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism |
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| explain the principal of complementarity |
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Definition
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other.
Physiology is the study of the function of body parts |
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| Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of environmental changes |
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| what are the components of a feedback loop |
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Definition
| The three common components are a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector |
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| Which are the three major components of a negative feedback mechanism? |
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Definition
| The three major components include the sensor, the integrator, and the effector. For example: if you place your hand near a hot flame, your skin senses the heat and signals the brain which integrates the incoming info and sends a message to the muscles, the effector, to pull away from the flame. |
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what are the three subatomic particles
where is each located |
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Definition
The three subatomic particles in an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons:
•Protons have a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1, and they are found in the nucleus of an atom.
•Neutrons have a relative mass of 1 and no charge, and they are also found in the nucleus of an atom.
•Electrons have a relative mass of 1/1836 and a charge of -1. They are found in specific orbits around the nucleus and are held in these orbits by the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus. |
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| the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. |
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| is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid or a gas. |
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| why is water such a good solvent |
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Definition
| Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances, which is why it is such a good solvent |
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Definition
| a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase |
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| water-fearing," and it describes the segregation and apparent repulsion between water and nonpolar substances |
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| having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. |
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noun: acid; plural noun: acids
1.
a chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind.
bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of a pH of less than 7. |
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Base_(chemistry)
Wikipedia
in aqueous solution, is slippery to the touch, tastes bitter, changes the colour of indicators (e.g., turns red litmus paper blue), reacts with acids to form salts, and promotes certain chemical reactions . |
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| The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.For example, pH 10 is ten times more alkaline than pH 9 |
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Term
| What are some of the chemical properties of carbohydrates |
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Definition
Carbohydrates include simple sugars, such as monosaccharides like glucose (C6H12O6). Depending on the number of simple sugars found in the carbohydrate, they are classified as monosaccharides, dCarbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. Excess carbohydrates are converted into fat and stored in fat tissue. Nutritionists recommend that carbohydrates comprise between 50% to 60 % of the daily intake of calories.
Monosaccharides are sugars that cannot be broken down any further. Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose.
Disaccharides are double sugars, because they form from two monosaccharide molecules by a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis. They must be broken down by the process of digestion to monosaccharides to be absorbed and used by the body.
Polysaccharides are large, complex molecules of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules bonded together in one long chainlike molecule. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. disaccharides, or polysaccharides. |
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Definition
| p://www.infoplease.com/cig/biology/proteins.html |
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Term
| What is the function of a simple sugar or monosaccharide |
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Definition
| They have 2 main functions: to break down and create energy for your body (such as glucose breaking down for cellular respiration) or to come together and make disaccharides or polysaccharides (such as chains of glucose becoming amylose [startch]). Each of these new molecules have different functions |
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Term
| What is the function of a double sugar |
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Definition
| Disaccharides are composed of two single monomers of sugar linked together. Examples of disaccharides are maltose (glucose + glucose) and sucrose (glucose + fructose). Disaccharides are broken down into their subunits for use inside living systems. |
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| what is the function of a polysaccharide. |
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Definition
| of chains of sugar monomers linked together, and they are stored inside the cell for future energy use |
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Definition
| Enzymes are proteins inside the cells. They are formed by special chains of amino acids that come together in different shapes to do special jobs, like breaking down sugar and fat molecules or to make more enzymes. |
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| properties of a cell membrane |
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Definition
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer") is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer found in all cells.[1] It contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the extracellular cell wall.
he cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. This forms a continuous, spherical lipid bilayer.
The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer prevent polar solutes (e.g. amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules. This affords the cell the ability to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores and gates.
Flippases and Scramblases concentrate phosphatidyl serine, which carries a negative charge, on the inner membrane. Along with NANA, this creates an extra barrier to charged moities moving through the membrane.
Membranes serve diverse functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. One important role is to regulate the movement of materials into and out of cells. The phospholipid bilayer structure (fluid mosaic model) with specific membrane proteins accounts for the selective permeability of the membrane and passive and active transport mechanisms. In addition, membranes in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes facilitate the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of the membrane to the other is the force of diffusion. |
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Definition
| is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system. |
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Definition
| is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
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Definition
| In cellular biology the term membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. |
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Definition
| is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides |
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Definition
| is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). In all cells, this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids. |
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Definition
| There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In phagocytosis or “cellular eating,” the cell’s plasma membrane surrounds a macromolecule or even an entire cell from the extracellular environment and buds off to form a food vacuole or phagosome. The newly-formed phagosome then fuses with a lysosome whose hydrolytic enzymes digest the “food” inside Endocytosis is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane. The opposite process is exocytosis. |
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Definition
| materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles. In this process, the Golgi complex packages macromolecules into transport vesicles that travel to and fuse with the plasma membrane. This fusion causes the vesicle to spill its contents out of the cell.is important in expulsion of waste materials out of the cell and in the secretion of cellular products such as digestive enzymes or hormones |
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Definition
| if the membrane is selectively permeable to potassium, these positively charged ions can diffuse down the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell, leaving behind uncompensated negative charges. This separation of charges is what causes the membrane potential. |
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Definition
| The hypotonic solution has more solvent (Like, let's say, water) than solute (Let's say in this case, salt). So water always wants to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Since the extracellular fluid (the fluid outside of the cell) has a higher concentration of water than the cell, the water will move into the cell. The vacuole, where the cell's materials like water are storedwhich also upholds the structure of the cell, will swell up. It will swell until it pops, and when it pops, it ruins the structure of the cell. |
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Definition
| contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. |
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Definition
| The exterior and interior concentrations are the same so there is no net flow difference |
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Definition
Location- External Boundary of the cell
Function- Confines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of material |
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Definition
Location- Scattered in cytoplasm
Function- Digest ingested materials and worn- out organelles |
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Definition
Location- Scattered throughout the cell
Function- Control release of energy from foods; form atp |
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Definition
Location- Projections of plasma membrane
Function- increase the membrane surface area |
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Definition
Location- near the nucleus (in the cytoplasm)
Function- Packages proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane or lysosomes or exported from the cell |
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Definition
Location center of cell
Function- Storehouse for for genetic information; directs cellular activities; including division |
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Definition
Location- In the cytoplasm
Function- transports proteins made in ribosomes to other sites in the cell; synthesizes membrane lipids |
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Definition
Location- cytoplasm
Function- Site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism |
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Definition
Location- attached to the membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm.
Function- Synthesize proteins |
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Definition
Location- two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus
Function- Direct formation of the mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends and performs the majority of its time. Then, in preparation for cellular division, it increases in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| which follows G1 phase, all of the chromosomes are replicated. Following replication, each chromosome now consists of two sister chromatids (see figure below). Thus, the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled, even though the ploidy, or chromosome count, of the cell remains at 2n. Note: Chromosomes double their number of chromatids post replication but the nuclei remains diploid as the number of centromeres and chromosomes remains unchanged. Hence, the number of chromosomes in the nucleus, which determines the ploidy, remains unchanged from the beginning to the end of the S phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell enters G2 phase. During G2, the cell synthesizes a variety of proteins. Of particular significance to the cell cycle, most microtubules – proteins that are required during mitosis – are produced during G2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus. At some other prior time, the various other types of RNA have been synthesized using the appropriate DNA. The RNAs migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm |
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Term
Protein Synthesis:
STEP 2: Initiation: |
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Definition
In the cytoplasm, protein synthesis is actually initiated by the AUG codon on mRNA. The AUG codon signals both the interaction of the ribosome with m-RNA and also the tRNA with the anticodons (UAC). The tRNA which initiates the protein synthesis has N-formyl-methionine attached. The formyl group is really formic acid converted to an amide using the -NH2 group on methionine (left most graphic)
The next step is for a second tRNA to approach the mRNA (codon - CCG). This is the code for proline. The anticodon of the proline tRNA which reads this is GGC. The final process is to start growing peptide chain by having amine of proline to bond to the carboxyl acid group of methinone (met) in order to elongate the peptide. |
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| Steps in Protein Synthesis:STEP 3: Elongation |
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Definition
Elongation of the peptide begins as various tRNA's read the next codon. In the example on the left the next tRNA to read the mRNA is tyrosine. When the correct match with the anticodons of a tRNA has been found, the tyrosine forms a peptide bond with the growing peptide chain .
The proline is now hydrolyzed from the tRNA. The proline tRNA now moves away from the ribosome and back into the cytoplasm to reattach another proline amino acid |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis Step 4: Elongation and Termination |
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Definition
When the stop signal on mRNA is reached, the protein synthesis is terminated. The last amino acid is hydrolyzed from its t-RNA.
The peptide chain leaves the ribosome. The N-formyl-methionine that was used to initiate the protein synthesis is also hydrolyzed from the completed peptide at this time.
The ribosome is now ready to repeat the synthesis several more times. |
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Definition
| These enzymes copy DNA sequences by using one strand as a template. The reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerases is the addition of deoxyribonucleotides to a DNA chain by using dNTPs as substrates |
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Definition
| is an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription |
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