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Definition
| The most primitive form of learning. This is the process whereby attention to a stimulus decreases with continued exposure. Newborns look longer at a new stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov by which a reflexive response is elicited by a new stimulus. This conditioning is accomplished by the new stimulus, called the conditioned stimulus, becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus which initially controlled the reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning, described by B.F. Skinner, in which behavior is shaped through the use of reinforcement and punishment. A behavior which is followed by reinforcement will tend to be repeated and a behavior followed by punishment will tend not to be repeated. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus(UCS) |
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Definition
| This is the stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory (the food in Pavlov's study) |
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Term
| unconditioned response(UCR) |
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Definition
This is the term in Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory for the motor response part of a reflex.
It is a natural response that does not require conditioning for it to occur. (In Pavlov's study, this was salivation to the food.) |
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Term
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Definition
The term used in Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory for the stimulus that elicits the conditioned response after it has been repeatedly presented with the unconditioned stimulus(UCS). Pavlov argued that an associative bond forms between the UCS and CS which enables the CS to elicit the reflexive response.
(In Pavlov's study, this was the bell.) |
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Term
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Definition
The term used in Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory for the motor part of a reflex which is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place.
(In Pavlov's study, the CR was salivation that occurred to the bell alone; no food was present.) |
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Definition
| Pavlov’s term for when a conditioned response can be elicited by related conditioned stimuli, like similar tone frequencies. |
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Definition
| The gradual process of conditioning a response to only occur to a specific stimulus, e.g. a bell of a certain tone, rather than a collection of tones that are similar in frequency. |
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Definition
In Skinner’s operant conditioning theory, this is a type of reinforcement used to shape behavior. Positive reinforcement is presenting a reward to a person or animal after the goal behavior is emitted. This term is formally defined by Skinner as any thing that is given to a subject after a behavior is emitted that increases the probability the behavior will be repeated under the same stimulus conditions.
(Ex. giving your dog a biscuit each time he sits on command) |
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Term
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Definition
In Skinner’s operant conditioning theory, this is the term for a reward that involves removing a noxious stimulus or condition after a goal behavior is emitted. This term is formally defined by Skinner as the removal of a noxious stimulus after a behavior is emitted that increases the probability the behavior will be repeated under similar stimulus conditions.
(Ex. a parent who buys a child a candy bar to stop a child's nagging in the grocery store is responding to negative reinforcement.) |
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Term
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Definition
A term from Skinner’s operant conditioning theory. It is anything a subject experiences after a behavior that reduces the probability the behavior will be repeated under similar stimulus conditions.
(Ex. speeding ticket or being placed on house restriction) |
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Definition
The term for the control over an individual’s behavior that is a consequence of observing a model being reinforced. Social learning theorists argue an individual is more likely to imitate a model’s behavior if he or she observes that behavior being rewarded.
Bandura - aggressive behavior from example. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience, practice, or both. |
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