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| A British scientist (1928), who inferred from his experiments that genetic information could be transformed from one bacterium to another. |
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What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA? |
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Avery and other scientists discovered that DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. |
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What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule? |
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DNA is made up of a series of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four different bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. |
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(1944) A Canadian biologist at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, repeated Griffith's work. He and other scientists discovered that DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. Avery treated bacterial cells with enzymes that would destroy all the lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and RNA. When he saw that transformation still occured he had evidence that DNA, the only type of biomolecule left, was the genetic material.
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A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria. |
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A virus that infects bacteria. |
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A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
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What happens during DNA replication? |
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During DNA replication: the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand.
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A granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coilded around proteins. |
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A globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin. |
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A copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA. |
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An enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA. |
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Explain how DNA is replicated. |
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Definition
| During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. |
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Where and in what form is eukaryotic DNA found? |
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Definition
Eukaryotic DNA is generally located in the cell nucleus in the form of a number of chromosomes. |
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How are the long DNA molecules found in eukaryotes packed into short chromosomes? |
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Definition
The answer can be found in the composition of eukaryotic chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, tighly packed together to form a substance called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA taht is tighly coiled around proteins called histones. Together, the DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a nucleosome. Nucleosomes pack with one another to form a thick fiber, which is shortened by a system of loops and coils. |
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How are histones related to nucleosomes? |
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Definition
| Together the DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a nucleosome. Nucleosomes pack with one another to form a thick fiber, which is shortened by system of loops and coils. |
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What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? |
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Definition
The principal enzyme involved in DNA replications is called DNA polymerase because it polymerizes individual nucleotides to produce DNA. DNA polymerase also "proofreads" each new DNA strand, helping to maximize the odds that each molecule is a perfect copy of the original DNA. |
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| RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. |
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| A type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes. |
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| A type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. |
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| A process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA. |
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| An enzyme similar to DNA ploymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription. |
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| A region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA. |
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| An intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein. |
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| An expressed seequence of DNA; codes for a protein. |
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| A three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid. |
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| The decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain. |
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| A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to a mRNA codon. |
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What are the 3 main types of RNA? |
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There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA |
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| During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. |
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| During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
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| A change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information. |
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| A mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another. |
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| A mutatuion that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide. |
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| What are gene mutations and chromosomal mutations? |
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| Gene mutatuions result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes. |
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| Gene mutations result form changes in a single gene. |
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