Term
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms:
1. Extreme inattention
2. Hyperactivity
3. Impulsivity |
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Term
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Definition
| deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. |
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Term
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Definition
the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," 4th edition, updated as a 2000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
- It defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes, it describes various disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
- People cannot usually identify the root of the problem, and therefore cannot deal with or avoid, its cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). Becomes a disorder when they persistently interfere with everyday living an cause the person distress. |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorder which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. |
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Term
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| Dissociative identify disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| (aka Multiple personality disorder) a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| (aka Manic-depressive disorder) a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution. |
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Term
| Disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements. |
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Term
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| many and varied symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared. |
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Term
| What causes schizophrenia? |
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Definition
1. Brain abnormalities
2. Genetic Factors
3. Psychological Factors |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
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Term
| How do the standards for deviant behavior vary? |
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Definition
By context and by culture.
i.e. In some context, people are dubbed deranged if they hear voices, but in some cultures practicing ancestor worship, people may claim to talk with the dead, a norm. |
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Term
| How do the standards for deviance vary? |
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Definition
From time.
i.e. from 1952 through 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness. |
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Term
| When do deviant and distressful behaviors become disorderly? |
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Definition
| When they are also judged to be harmful dysfunction and when typical behaviors become disabling. |
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Term
| Who changed the treatment of psychological patients? |
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Definition
| Philippe Pinel insisted that madness is not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions. |
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Term
| What is the biopsychosocial approach to psychology? |
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Definition
| This approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable, that there may be a difficulty in the person's environment, and negative emotions that contribute to physical illness, and these physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of diagnostic classification? |
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Definition
It aims to describe a disorder, predict its future course, imply appropriate treatment, and stimulate a research into its causes.
- Mental health professionals use labels to communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs. |
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Term
| What do critics say about diagnostic labels? |
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Definition
| Diagnostic labels can bias perceptions and change reality and can serve as self-fulfilling prophesies. |
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Term
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Definition
| may focus on animals, insects, heights, and people avoid the stimulus that arouses the fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a shyness taken to an extreme, it is an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid potentially embarrassing social situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes. |
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Term
| How is trauma related to emotional distress? |
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Definition
| Research indicates that the greater one's emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for PTSD. |
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Term
| What does Freud's psychoanalytic theory propose? |
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Definition
| that people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, such as anxiety. |
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Term
| What is the learning perspective of anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
1. Fear conditioning
- Stimulus generalization
- Reinforcement: helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they rise.
2. Observational learning |
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Term
| What is the biological perspective of anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
1. Natural selection: humans biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors.
2. Genes: influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters by affecting brain levels of serotonin and glutamate.
3. Brain: anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors. |
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Term
| What does Freud's psychoanalytic theory state about depression? |
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Definition
| that depression often occurs when significant losses evoke feelings associated with losses experienced in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| a study of finding families in which disorders appear across generations, geneticists examine DNA from affect and unaffected family members to search for differences. |
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Term
| What are the two dominant neurotransmitters that play a role in mood disorders? |
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Definition
1. Norephinephrine
2. Serotonin
- Both are scarce during depression. |
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Term
| Social-cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| explores the roles of thinking and acting, and revelas how self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| who or what people blame their failures → depressed people tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable, global, and internal. |
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Term
| What is depression's cycle? |
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Definition
| Negative, stressful events interpreted through a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create a hopeless, depressed state that hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This fules negative stressful experiences such as rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing, feeling, or tasting things that are not there. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms |
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Definition
| may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter or rage. |
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Term
| Schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms |
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Definition
| have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies. |
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Term
| What occurs when schizophrenia is slow-developing? |
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Definition
| (AKA chronic, process schizophrenia) recovery is doubtful and patients often exhibit the persistent and incapacitating negative symptom of social withdrawal. |
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Term
| What occurs when schizophrenia is fast-developing? |
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Definition
| (AKA acute, reactive schizophrenia) when previously well-adjusted people develop schizophrenia rapidly following particular life stresses, recovery is much more likely and they more often have positive symptoms. |
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Term
| What are known risk factors for schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Low birth weight, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, and fetal-virus infections. |
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Term
| Avoidant personality disorder |
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Definition
| these people show anxiety and are fearful of rejection, so they avoid things. They are trying to protect themselves. |
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Term
| Schizoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| eccentric behaviors and are socially disengaged and often times emotionless. |
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Term
| Histrionic personality disorder |
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Definition
| dramatic or impulsive behaviors, they show shallow and attention-getting emotions and they try diligently to gain others’ praise or reassurance. |
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Term
| Narcissistic personality disorder |
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Definition
| exaggerate their own importance and have fantasies where they succeed and it is hard for them to accept criticism, they react with rage or shame. |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| unstable identity, relationships, and emotions. |
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