Term
|
Definition
| composed of the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS
INcrease in number of neurons in the head
Highest level is reached in the human brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Adult brain structures: secondary brain vesicles |
|
Definition
| Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrum: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brainstem: medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metencephalon and myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Basic pattern: Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| Central cavity surround by a gray matter core. External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter
Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei
Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arise from expansion of the lumen of the neural tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass
Contains ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)
Contains deep grooves called fissures |
|
|
Term
| What divides the cerebral hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three regions of the Cerebral hemispheres |
|
Definition
| cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Major lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula (internal) |
|
|
Term
| Major Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| Central, Parieto-occipital, Lateral |
|
|
Term
| Major gyri of the Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| Precentral and postcentral gyri |
|
|
Term
| Precentral and postcentral gyri: location |
|
Definition
| border the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the frontal and parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the parietal and occipital lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the parietal and temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superficial gray matter; accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain
Enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral cortex: Hemispheres |
|
Definition
Each acts contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)
Are not equal in function |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral cortex: Functional areas |
|
Definition
| No singular one acts alone; conscious behavior involves the entire cortex |
|
|
Term
| Functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex: 3 types |
|
Definition
| Motor, Sensory, Association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious awareness of sensation |
|
|
Term
| Functional Association areas |
|
Definition
| integrate diverse information |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas |
|
Definition
| Primary (somatic) motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, Frontal eye field |
|
|
Term
| Primary (somatic) motor cortex |
|
Definition
Located in the precental gyrus
Pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located anterior the the precentral gyrus. Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills. Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions. Involved in the planning of movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area. Present in one hemisphere (usually left). A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue. Is active as on prepares to speak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located anterior the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area. Controls voluntary eye movemnt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual and auditory areas, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular cortices |
|
|
Term
| Primary Somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
Located in the post central gyrus
Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
Exhibits spatial discrimination |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory Association Cortex |
|
Definition
Located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
Integrates sensory information
Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus
Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary visual (striate) cortex, Visual association area |
|
|
Term
| Primary visual (striate) cortex |
|
Definition
| Seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe. Most of it is buried in the calcarine sulcus. Receives visual information form the retinas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds the primary visual cortex
Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, and movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary auditory cortex, Auditory association area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe. Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness |
|
|
Term
| Auditory association area |
|
Definition
| Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex, stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds. Wernicke's area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prefrontal cortex, language areas, general (common) interpretation area, visceral association area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe. Involved with intellect cognition, recall, and personality. Necessary for judgement, reasoning, persistence, and conscience. Closely linked to the limbic system (emotional part of the brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in a large area surrounding the left (or language-domniant) lateral sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Major parts of Language Areas |
|
Definition
| Wernicke's Area, Broca's area, Lateral prefrontal cortex, Lateral and ventral temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sounding out unfamiliar words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech preparation and production |
|
|
Term
| Lateral prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
| language comprehension and word analysis |
|
|
Term
| Lateral and ventral temporal lobe |
|
Definition
| coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language |
|
|
Term
| Visceral association area |
|
Definition
| Located in the cortex of the insula. Involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations |
|
|
Term
| Lateralization of Cortical Function |
|
Definition
| Lateralization, Cerebral dominance, Left hemisphere, right hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designates the hemisphere dominant for language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls language, math, and logic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts. Responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the Cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral White Matter types |
|
Definition
| Commissures, Association fibers, Projection fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemisphers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect different parts of the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central core of the forebrain. Encloses the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Diencephalon: consists of... |
|
Definition
| Three paired structures -thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle. Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Four groups: Anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior
Project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse in the thalamus
Impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a group
All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus. Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus. Relay station for olfactory pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the pituitary gland. Main visceral control center of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulates blood pressure, rate, and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities
Perception of pleasure fear, and rage
Maintains normal body temperature
Regulates feelings of hunger and satiety
Regulates sleep and the sleep cycle |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon, forms roof of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus - pineal gland |
|
Definition
| extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus - choroid plexus |
|
Definition
| a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem - three regions |
|
Definition
| Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic behaviors necessary for survival |
|
|
Term
| Brain stem - pathways and associations |
|
Definition
| Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers. Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located between the diencephalon and the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral peduncles and Cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclei that control cranial nerves III (oculomtor) and IV (trochlear) |
|
|
Term
| Midbrain Nuclei - superior colliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midbrain Nuclei - Inferior colliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midbrain Nuclei - Substantia nigra |
|
Definition
| functionally linked to basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Midbrain Nuclei - Red nucleus |
|
Definition
| largest nucleus of the reticular formation; red nuclei are relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bulging brainstem regions between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata.
Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord. relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most inferior part of the brain stem
Along with the pons, forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle. Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Oblongata - Pyramids |
|
Definition
| two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Oblongata - decussation of the pyramids |
|
Definition
| crossover points of the corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Nuclei - Inferior olivary nuclei |
|
Definition
| gray matter that relays sensory information |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Nuclei - vestibular nuclear complex |
|
Definition
| synapses that mediate and maintain equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII are associated with the medulla
Ascending sensory tract nuclei, including nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiovascular control center, respiratory centers, additional centers |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Nuclei - Cardiovascular Control Center |
|
Definition
| adjusts force and rate of heart contraction |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Nuclei - Respiratory centers |
|
Definition
| control rate and depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Nuclei - Additional Centers |
|
Definition
| regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located dorsal to the pons and medulla. Protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Makes up 11% of the brain mass. |
|
|
Term
| The Cerebellum - function |
|
Definition
| Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Two bilateraly symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Folia |
|
Definition
| transversely oriented gyri |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Hemisphere anatomy |
|
Definition
| Three lobes: Anterior, posterior, and flocculondular |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Neural Arrangement |
|
Definition
| gray matter cortex, internal white matter, scattered nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Arbor vitae |
|
Definition
| distinctive tree like pattern of the cerebellar white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral. Superior, Middle, and Inferior peduncles. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar Penduncles - Superior Peduncles |
|
Definition
| Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar Penduncles - Middle peduncles |
|
Definition
| connect the pons to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar Penduncles - Inferior peduncles |
|
Definition
| connect the medulla to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction. Proprioceptors and visual signals "inform" the cerebellum of the body's condition. Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to perform movement. A "blueprint" of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar Cognitive Function |
|
Definition
| Plays a role in language and problem solving. Recognizes and predicts sequences of events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Networks of neurons working together and spanning wide areas of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Functional Brain system: Two systems |
|
Definition
| Limbic system and reticular formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures located on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon. |
|
|
Term
| Limbic System - Structures |
|
Definition
| Rhiencephalon, amygdala, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Limbic System: Parts especially important to emotions |
|
Definition
| Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus. Put emotional responses to odors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with anger, danger, and fear responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflicts |
|
|
Term
| Limbic System: Emotion and Cognition |
|
Definition
| Interacts with the prefrontal lobes, therefore: one can act emotionally to conscious understandings, consciously aware of emotion in one's life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert new information into long-term memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage and retrieval of information |
|
|
Term
| Memory - THree principles |
|
Definition
| Storage, Processing, and Memory traces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in stages and is continually changing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical or structural changes that encode memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short-term and long-term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Working memory
A fleeting memory of events that continually happen. Lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8 pieces of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that effect transfer of memory from STM to LTM include |
|
Definition
| Emotional State, Rehearsal, Association, Automatic Memory |
|
|
Term
| Transfer from STM to LTM - Emotional State |
|
Definition
| we learn best when we are alert, motivated, and aroused |
|
|
Term
| Transfer from STM to LTM - Rehearsal |
|
Definition
| repeating or rehearsing material enhances memory |
|
|
Term
| Transfer from STM to LTM - Association |
|
Definition
| associating new information with old memories in LTM enhances memory |
|
|
Term
| Transfer from STM to LTM - automatic memory |
|
Definition
| subconscious information stored in LTM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fact memory and skill memory |
|
|
Term
| Fact (declarative) memory |
|
Definition
| Entails learning explicit information. Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability. Is stored with the context in which it was learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less conscious than fact memory and involves motor activity. Acquired through practice. Do not retain the context in which they were learned |
|
|
Term
| Structures involved in Fact memory |
|
Definition
Hippocampus and the amygdala, both limb system structures
Specific areas of the thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the basal forebrain |
|
|
Term
| Structures Involved in Skill Memory |
|
Definition
| Corpus Striatum, Portion of the brain receiving the stimulus, promtor and motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediates the automatic connections between a stimulus and a motor response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuronal RNA content is altered. Dendritic spines change shape. Extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM. Number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase. More neurotransmitter is release by presynaptic neurons. New hippocampal neurons appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brain is protected by bone, meninges, and csf. Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three connective tissue membranes lie external to the CNS - Duramater, arachnoid mater, and pia matter |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the meninges |
|
Definition
| Cover and protect the CNS. Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses. Contains CSF. Form partitions within the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leathery, strong, menix composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers. Two layers separate in certain areas and form dural sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain. Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs along the vermis of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle menix, which forms a loose brain covering. Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSM and large blood vessels. Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the room of each ventricle. Have ion pumps that allows them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF. Helps cleanse CSF by removing waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain. Selective barrier that allows nutrients to pass freely. Is ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes. Absent in some areas (vomiting center and the hyopthalamus) allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood. Stress increases the ability of chemical to pass through the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS tissue is enclosed within the vertebral cloumn from the foramen magnum to L1. Provides two-way communication to and from the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protected by bone, meninges, and CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal portion of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Cord: number of nerves |
|
Definition
| 31 pairs attach to the cord by paired roots |
|
|
Term
| Cervical and lumbar enlargements |
|
Definition
| sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Cross-Sectional anatomy of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
| Anterior median fissure, Posterior median sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates anterior funiculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divids posterior funiculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of soma, unmyelinated processes, and neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interneurons and somatic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal half, ventral half, Dorsal and ventral roots |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter organization: dorsal half |
|
Definition
| sensory roots and ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter organization: ventral half |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gray matter organization: dorsal and ventral roots |
|
Definition
| fuse laterally to form spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter organization: four zones |
|
Definition
| Somatic sensory (SS) visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM), somatic motor (SM) |
|
|
Term
| White matter in the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| Fibers run in three directions: ascending, descending, and transversely. Divided into three funiculi (columns) posterior, lateral, and anterior |
|
|
Term
| White matter in the spinal cord: funiculus |
|
Definition
| Each contains several fiber tracks. Fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination. Fiber tracts are composed of axons with similar function |
|
|
Term
| White Matter: Pathway Generalizations |
|
Definition
| Pathways decussate. Most consist of two or three neurons. Most exhibit somatotopy (precise spatial relationships). Pathways ares paired (one on each side of the spinal cord or brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The central processes of first-order neurons branch diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla. Some branches take part in spinal cord reflexes. Others synapse with second-order neurons in the cord and medullary nuclei. Fibers from touch and pressure receptors form collateral synapses with interneurons in the dorsal horns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonspecific, Specific, Spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
| Three Ascending Pathways: Nonspecific and specific ascending pathways |
|
Definition
| Send impulses to the sensory cortex. Responsible for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception |
|
|
Term
| Three Ascending Pathways: Spinocerebellar tracts |
|
Definition
| Send impulses to the cerebellum and do not contribute to sensory perception |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific ascending pathway |
|
Definition
| Pain, temperature, and crude touch within the lateral spinothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Specific and Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts |
|
Definition
| Specific ascending pathways within the fasciculus gracilis and fasciuculus cuneatus tracts, and their contiunation in the medial lemniscal tracts. The posterior spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Descending (Motor) Pathways |
|
Definition
| Deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and are divided into two groups. Motor pathways involve two neurons (upper and lower) |
|
|
Term
| Descending Motor Pathways: Two groups |
|
Definition
Direct pathways: Equivalent to the pyramidal tracts
Indirect pathways: Essentially all others |
|
|
Term
| The Direct (Pyramidal) System |
|
Definition
| Originate with the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri. Impulses are sent through the corticospinal tracts and synapse in the anterior horn. Stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates skeletal muscles. Corticobulbar tracts, innervate cranial nerve nuclei. Regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements |
|
|
Term
| Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System |
|
Definition
| Includes brain stem, motor nuclei, and all motor pathways not part of the pyramidal system. Includes the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, recticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System: Regulate |
|
Definition
| Axial muscles that maintain balance and psoture, Muscles controlling coarse movments of the proximal portions of limbs, head, neck and eye movement |
|
|
Term
| Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) Pathways |
|
Definition
| Reticulospinal tracts, Rubrospinal tracts, Superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts |
|
Definition
|
|
