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Shortest dynasty (589-618) w/ only two emperors
§ In 581-Brought China once again under the rule of a strong central gov’t
§ Endless work of building canals, walls, & palaces turned people against Sui Ù revolt |
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Cut across China, tied together Yellow & Yangtze Rivers
§ Helped to unite northern & southern China politically & economically. |
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Ruled united China from 618-907. Golden age.
§ T’ang emperors didn’t isolate themselves. China more open to foreign trade & influence during T’ang years than at any other time.
§ Founded by T’ai-tsung-“Grand Ancestor.”
§ Use of examination system for gov’t officials. Scholar-officials = gentry.
§ Every educated person was expected to write poems.
o 3 qualities marked Chinese poetry of T’ang: images from nature, focus on single moment, & they were all brief. |
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one of the most celebrated poets of the 700s.
§ Often wrote about pleasures of life. |
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Proclaimed by Emperor Sung T’ai-tsu.
§ Beginning of 500 years of military decline for China.
§ True golden age in southern China where Sung emperors only ruled
§ Merchants prospered by selling in the markets of Hangchow.
§ Began to print paper money (1st in world).
§ Trade: 2 luxury items: silk, porcelain.
§ Golden age of painting |
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| Started to print books in 600. Could make 2,000 copies in 1 day. |
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| Invention of magnetic compass |
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§ 1st used to make sure houses faced south, as custom required.
§ Discovered its usefulness for finding directions at sea. |
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| Remained minor invention until Europeans learned of it. |
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1200-1350-conquered lands from Pacific Ocean to Adriatic Sea.
§ Ruled the largest unified land empire in history.
§ Fearsome warriors whose most important weapons was the bow.
§ Mongols lived in loosely organized groups. Each group had its own leader-khan. |
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Temujin. United Mongols. 1 of history’s greatest conquerors.
§ By his death, he had conquered most of Asia. “ruler of all btwn the oceans”
§ Traits behind success as emperor:
o Brilliant organizer-grouped armies
o Shrewd & warlike-sent spies to find enemy’s weaknesses
o Used cruelty as weapon-spread terror
§ After death, 4 khans each ruled diff. part of Mongol Empire |
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Conqueror of Sung China. Genghis Khan’s grandson.
§ Spent life within China, enjoying luxury of emperor.
§ Khanbalik-square capital in Northern China. Modern Beijing
§ Failed to conquer Japan
§ Distrusted Chinese, so all his highest officials were foreign. |
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| Chinese name for Kublai Khan’s dynasty. |
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Italian. Most famous Europeans to travel across Asia.
§ Made trusted official of Mongol gov’t under Kublai Khan.
§ Traveled to China (“greatest civilization in the world”). Returned w/ detailed reports. |
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Proclaimed by Ming T’ai-tsu who freed China from Mongols
§ China was divided into 2 major geographic zones:
1. Southern: rice-growing, follow Yangtze, centered on seaports along E China Sea
2. Northern: considered true heartland of China. Home of Confucius, Han, & Tang.
§ Ruled according to good traditions of the past.
§ Brought China’s scholar-officials back to power (Mongols excluded gentry)
§ China’s cities probably had highest literacy rate in the world in 1300s. |
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Led Grand Fleet (China’s great armada) on its 7th voyage into Indian Ocean
§ Pursuing diplomatic, commercial, & scientific objectives
§ Encouraged kings & sultans of S Asia & E Africa to send tribute to emperor
§ Sought to expand China’s trade
§ Planned to survey new sea routes, collect rare animals, & search for new foods.
§ Successful in all of his goals
1433-fateful turning point in world history. (mostly for China & Portugal)
§ China’s naval power reached its greatest height Ù sudden collapse
§ Cheng Ho’s death Ù new emperors opposed naval expeditions Ù isolation |
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Threat on China’s northern border to north & east-Manchuria.
§ Chinese considered them barbarians, but Manchus had adopted many Chinese ways
§ Took over Peking after death of last Ming emperor & the Manchu ruler was declared China’s new emperor. |
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Chinese name for the Manchu’s dynasty. (1644-1912)
§ Kept themselves separate from Chinese people.
§ Manchus could hold gov’t positions w/o taking civil service exams.
§ Marriage btwn Manchu & Chinese was not allowed. |
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leading clan. Chiefs came to be called emperors of Japan.
§ Claimed sun goddess as their ancestor |
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Japan’s earliest religion formed from combined customs & beliefs of various clans.
§ Central idea: worship of nature. Sun goddess was the chief deity, 100s of lesser gods |
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Most influential convert to Buddhism
§ 607-sent group of scholars to study Chinese civilization firsthand at Ch’ang-an.
§ Adopted Chinese writing system, Painted landscapes in Chinese manner
§ Followed Chinese styles in simple arts of everyday life (cooking, gardening…)
§ Imperial gov’t: Modeled gov’t on China’s.
§ Shotuku drew up written plan of gov’t based on Confucian teachings
§ Shotuku & successors tried to build strong central gov’t like T’ang
§ Shotuku tried to introduce China’s examination system. (Noble birth gave power) |
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Japan’s golden age (794-1185). Heian = Japan’s capital (Kyoto)
§ “Dwellers among the clouds”-noble class. Lived outdoors. Used cosmetics.
§ Poetry was necessary to be accepted in society
o To start a romance, man or woman composed short poem
§ Best accounts of society came from diaries, essays, & novels written by women b/c women were held in high esteem unlike in China or Greco-Roman world.
§ Tale of Genji: called the world’s 1st true novel. Written by Lady Murasaki.
Btwn 1000 & 2000-Japan developed feudal system like that of the Middle Ages. |
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warriors who fought for the lords. “one who serves.”
§ Armor was one of the most elaborate costumes ever worn. |
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harsh code that samurai lived according to. “the way of the warrior.”
§ Samurai’s honor was constantly on the line.
§ Had to prove absolute courage in battle & absolute loyalty to lord.
§ Dying an honorable death was more important than living a long life. |
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title meaning “supreme general of the emperor’s army. Given to Minamoto leader
§ Powers of military dictator: officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads all under his authority. |
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shogun’s military headquarters where the real center of power was.
§ 1200s-Kamakura shogunate: worked w/ local lords. A lord who loyally served shogun was given free hand to rule his own province. |
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what the most powerful of feudal lords became when Kamakura shoguns fell. Independent rulers in their own areas. “Great name.”
§ Each commanded own army of soldiers (Samurai & peasants) |
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| leader of the 1st Christian mission to Japsn who became one of Church’s most beloved saints. Baptized hundreds of converts in just 2 years in Japan. |
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Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed title of shogun in 1603 Ù Policy of isolation.
§ Moved Japan’s administrative center east to small town of Edo (Tokyo).
§ Gave Japan stability until 1868.
§ 1600-Growing influence of missionaries worried Japan’s leaders.
§ Tokugawa alarmed that Spanish had conquered the Philippines.
§ Banned Christianity in Japan in 1614. Tortured and executed Christians.
§ Banned all European merchants except Dutch. Japan was isolated for next 200 yrs.
§ Confined Dutch merchants to port of Nagasaki |
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§ Peace & stability
§ Growth of unique Japanese cultureÙUnique Buddhist outlook, exquisite painting.
§ Failure of Japan to keep up with scientific, technical, & military progress. |
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Followed a path of quiet contemplation.
§ Greatest influence of forms of Buddhism on Japanese culture.
§ Seek spiritual enlightenment through meditation.
§ Strict discipline of mind & body was Zen path to wisdom. |
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